Table 4.

Categorization and definition

Form	Categorization	Potentially related emotions	References
Non-intentional speechlessness	non-voluntary, temporary difficulties in one’s own verbal expressions due to emotional overpowering	extreme emotions (e.g. fear, sadness, worry, joy)	(Bennett et al., 2020; Berger, 2004; Burgoon, 2015; Floyd et al., 1999; Koskinen et al., 2016; Lillrank, 2002; Lumley et al., 2011; Müller-Cyran, 2007)
Intentional speechlessness	conscious process of silence due to perceived and processed emotions with an accompanying subjective goal achievement	emotional discomfort (e.g. shame, embarrassment)	(Berger, 2004; Dimitrov, 2017; Kahn, 2019; Kummer et al., 2008)