Figure 3.

Comparisons of type I error and power of the seven MVMR methods

(A–C) Type I error of the seven methods (MRBEE, MRcML-BIC, MRcML-DP, MR-LASSO, MR-Median, MR-Egger and IVW). (D–L) Power of the seven methods. The three columns corespond to no pleiotropy, 30% unbalanced UHP IVs and 30% CHP IVs, respectively. In each figure, the top and bottom panels represent 0% and 100% sample overlap between exposures and outcome, respectively. Each row represents different causal effects. Simulation settings are described in the simulation section in the main text, supplement 1, and at our GitHub repository. Displayed are bar plots of rejection frequency estimations across 500 simulations for each scenario, which represents the type I error or power depending on the true causal effect is zero or not. The two dotted vertical lines in (A)–(C) represent the 95% confidence interval.