Figure 7.

Data analysis of coronary artery disease

(A) Causal effect estimates by the six MVMR methods. The corresponding 95% confidence interval shown as vertical error bars.

(B) Causal effect estimates by UVMR approaches. The corresponding 95% confidence interval shown as vertical error bars. The radius of the confidence interval equals $\sqrt{a}\times$ SE where $a=F_{{\chi }^2}^{-1}\left(1-0.05/8,1\right)$.

(C) Pleiotropy test where the x axis represents the linear predictor $\hat{B}{\hat{\theta }}_{\text{BEE}}$ and the y axis represents the standardized association between the IV and CAD from GWAS. The annotation of this pleiotropic variant is made if it is associated with the most significant exposures with p < 5E−8.

(D) Computation times of the comparing methods. Columns 1–8 represent computation time for UVMR of eight exposures and the last column represents computation time for MVMR.