Table 1.
Initial characteristics of participants according to study group.
| Gluten Group (n = 17) | Placebo Group (n = 29) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± standard deviation) | 41.59 ± 9.24 | 41.28 ± 8.93 | 0.910 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Women | 11 (64.7) | 25 (86.2) | 0.139 |
| Men | 6 (35.3) | 4 (13.8) | |
| Body mass index, (median (interquartile range)) | 23.8 (21.4–27.8) | 24.6 (22.95–27.05) | 0.482 |
| Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms , n (%) | |||
| Abdominal pain | 15 (88.2) | 22 (75.9) | 0.450 |
| Bloating | 12 (70.6) | 26 (89.7) | 0.125 |
| Flatulence | 15 (88.2) | 27 (93.1) | 0.619 |
| Diarrhea | 9 (52.9) | 13 (44.8) | 0.761 |
| Stomach sounds | 11 (64.7) | 24 (82.8) | 0.282 |
| Constipation | 6 (35.3) | 11 (37.9) | 1 |
| Urge to defecate | 9 (52.9) | 16 (55.2) | 1 |
| Incomplete evacuation | 9 (52.9) | 21 (72.4) | 0.213 |
| Nausea | 10 (58.8) | 6 (20.7) | 0.012 |
| Burning | 8 (47.1) | 14 (48.3) | 1 |
| Belching | 9 (52.9) | 15 (51.7) | 1 |
| Acid regurgitation | 6 (35.3) | 9 (31) | 1 |
| Epigastric pain | 8 (47.1) | 13 (44.8) | 1 |
The initial number of samples was low for certain microbiota and biochemical tests due to lack of complete data.