Table 1.

A restorative dimension of the BPC 157 therapy can react with the dopamine system depending on the condition [68,69,70,152,153].

Effect	Specification	Ref.
BPC 157 therapy can counteract the consequences of dopamine neurons destruction in the substantia nigra (neurotoxin MPTP)	BPC 157 counteracted tremor, rigor, akinesia, and MPTP mortality. BPC 157 counteracted MPTP-induced gastric lesions.	[69]
BPC 157 therapy can counteract the consequences of dopamine vesicle depletion (reserpine)	BPC 157 counteracted tremors, rigor, akinesia, and hypothermia. BPC 157 counteracted reserpine-induced gastric lesions.	[69]
BPC 157 therapy can counteract the consequences of dopamine receptor blockade (neuroleptics)	BPC 157 therapy counteracted catalepsy and somatosensory disorientation induced by dopamine antagonists [68,70]. BPC 157 therapy counteracted prolonged QTc intervals [89], gastric lesions, and lower esophageal sphincter and pyloric sphincter dysfunction induced by dopamine receptor antagonists [68,92,165], as well as gastric lesions induced by combined application of dopamine receptor antagonist and reserpine [166]. A common effect is a counteraction of occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes, peripherally and centrally, induced by haloperidol, fluphenazine, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole and domperidone [54]. BPC 157 therapy (activation of the collateral pathways, i.e., azygos vein direct flow delivery) instantly occurred.	[68,70]
BPC 157 can prevent and reverse amphetamine disturbances (and methamphetamine), acutely and chronically, schizophrenia positive symptoms-like models.	BPC 157 can prevent amphetamine disturbances, reverse already advanced disturbances, and counteract amphetamine “reverse tolerance” even after a very long period (i.e., 46 days) [70,153]. A common effect is a counteraction of occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes, peripherally and centrally, induced by amphetamine [54]. BPC 157 therapy (activation of the collateral pathways, i.e., azygos vein direct flow delivery) instantly occurred.	[70,153]
BPC 157 can reverse apomorphine motor disturbances, schizophrenia-positive symptoms-like models	BPC 157 can reverse continuous oral stereotypy (licking, gnawing) in apomorphine rats.	[70]
The counteraction of the dopamine receptor supersensitivity (and thereby counteraction of amphetamine over-activity in haloperidol pretreated mice, simultaneous counteraction of both haloperidol and amphetamine effects.	There is a prominent effect of BPC 157 on increased amphetamine-climbing behavior in mice pretreated with dopamine antagonists haloperidol (5 mg/kg ip) and subsequently treated with amphetamine (20 mg/kg ip challenge at 1, 2, 4, and 10 days after haloperidol pretreatment. An almost complete reversal occurred when BPC 157 was coadministered with haloperidol.	[152]
In conclusion, there is a restorative dimension of the BPC 157 therapy, given that it can react with the dopamine system depending on the condition [68,69,70,153].	The restorative dimension of the BPC 157 therapy, and thereby BPC 157 activity over the dopamine system, as a likely neurotransmitter of its own, can be based on the following consistent evidence providing a wide range of influence on various, even opposite, activities [1]. BPC 157 therapy can counteract the consequences of dopamine neurons destruction in the substantia nigra (neurotoxin MPTP) [69], dopamine vesicle depletion (reserpine) [69], dopamine receptors blockade (neuroleptics) [68,70], dopamine over-release and re-uptake inhibition (amphetamine; methamphetamine) [70,152,153], dopamine receptor agonization (apomorphine) [70], dopamine receptor supersensitivity (haloperidol) [152] and reverse tolerance (amphetamine) [153].