Table 4.

A restorative dimension of the BPC 157 therapy can react with the GABA system depending on the condition [15,57,58,59,63,64,218].

Effect	Specification	Ref.
BPC 157 has a particular anxiolytic effect on its own	BPC 157 has a particular anxiolytic effect in light/dark and shock probe/burying tests.	[57]
BPC 157 has a particular anxiolytic effect on its own	BPC 157 has a particular additional anxiolytic effect in ketamine rats.	[59]
BPC 157 coadministration in chronically treated diazepam mice counteracts diazepam tolerance and withdrawal, postpones physical dependence, and prolongs residual diazepam anticonvulsive activity.	BPC 157 therapy also, on its own, counteracts isoniazid (GABA synthesis inhibitor)-, picrotoxin (non-completive channel blocker for GABAA receptors (GABAARs) chloride channels)-convulsions.	[58]
BPC 157 therapy counteracts bicuculline convulsions.	BPC 157 therapy counteracts bicuculline (completive antagonists of GABAARs)-convulsions.	[15]
BPC 157 therapy counteracts in rats the anesthetic effect of thiopental [218]	BPC 157 in doses of 10 ng/kg and 10 µg/kg, respectively, caused significant counteraction of loss of righting reflex produced by thiopental with a parallel shift of the dose–response curve for thiopental to the right. Illustratively, BPC 157 therapy also counteracts the effect of L-NAME, which increases the thiopental loss of the righting reflex seven times.	[218]
BPC 157 therapy exhibited the counteraction of both acute and chronic alcohol effects as a highlight of the BPC 157 particular potential consistently evidenced in mice that were either acutely intoxicated or physically dependent on alcohol [63,64].	BPC 157 intraperitoneally or intragastrically strongly prevented and reversed the effects of acute intoxication (i.e., quickly produced and sustained anesthesia, hypothermia, increased ethanol blood values, 25% fatality, 90 min assessment period) when given before or after ethanol, and none of the mice died. When given after abrupt cessation of chronic ethanol (at 0 or 3 h withdrawal time), it attenuated withdrawal and handling induced withdrawal seizures.	[63,64]
Following acute absolute alcohol intragastric administration, BPC 157 therapy attenuated/eliminated the alcohol-occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome as a whole, major vascular and multiorgan failure [56], as described above [40,41,42,43,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56].	Intracranial, portal, and caval hypertension and aortal hypotension, lesions and hemorrhage in the brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney, and thrombosis peripherally and centrally were all counteracted along with counteraction of the prime major stomach alcohol lesion. The therapy effect was ascribed to the counteraction of the congestion of major vessels and particularly to activation of the rescuing collaterals, i.e., azygos vein direct blood flow delivery. BPC 157 therapy effectiveness illustrates that brain swelling instantly decreases. A fall of intracranial hypertension occurs immediately upon BPC 157 therapy. The therapy effect was ascribed to the activation of the rescuing collaterals, i.e., azygos vein direct blood flow delivery, and to the counteraction of the congestion of major vessels that occurred instantly.	[56]
In conclusion, there is a restorative dimension of the BPC 157 therapy. It is evident that it can react with the GABA system depending on the condition.	The restorative dimension of the BPC 157 therapy, and thereby BPC 157 activity over the GABA system, as a likely neurotransmitter of its own, can be based on the following consistent evidence providing a wide range of influence on various, even opposite, activities [1]. The anxiolytic effect on its own (light/dark, shock probe/burying [57], ketamine [59]) of BPC 157 therapy is a particular effect. In support, in diazepam tolerance/withdrawal and physical dependence/withdrawal studies [58], BPC 157 coadministration in chronically treated diazepam mice counteracts diazepam tolerance and withdrawal, postpones physical dependence, and prolongs residual diazepam anticonvulsive activity [58]. BPC 157 therapy also, on its own, counteracts isoniazid (GABA synthesis inhibitor)-, picrotoxin (non-completive channel blocker for GABAA receptors (GABAARs) chloride channels)- [58], and bicuculline (completive antagonists of GABAARs)-convulsions [15]. Finally, BPC 157 therapy counteracts the anesthetic effect of thiopental in rats [218], a prototype member of the barbiturate class of drugs. BPC 157 therapy exhibited the counteraction of both acute and chronic alcohol effects [63,64]. Following acute absolute alcohol intragastric administration, BPC 157 therapy attenuated/eliminated the alcohol-occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome as a whole, major vascular and multiorgan failure [56].