Table 1.
Which Dietary and Nutritional Supplements May Be Beneficial for Patients with COPD? | |||
---|---|---|---|
Diet and/or Nutritional Supplement | Risk of COPD Development? | Intake Has Potential Benefit Once COPD Diagnosis is Established? | Specific Dosage |
Meat | ↑ | <75 g/week | |
Fruits and Vegetables | ↓ | ✔ | |
Fiber | ↓ | ✔ | ≥26.5 g/day |
Vitamin D | ↑ (deficiency) | ✔ | Serum 25(OH)D levels ≥ 55 nmol/L |
Vitamin C | ? | ✔ | 400–1000 mg daily |
Iron | ↑ (deficiency) | ✔ | Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose |
Nitrate | ? | ✔ | BRJ with 12.9 mmol of nitrate twice weekly |
Heavy Alcohol Consumption |
↑ | ||
Polyphenols | ↓ | ✔ | |
Prudent Diet | ↓ | ||
Western Style Diet | ↑ | ||
DASH Diet | ↓ | ||
Mediterranean Diet | ? | ||
n-3 PUFAs | ? | ✔ |
↑ = increased risk. ↓ = decreased risk. ✔ = beneficial. ? = evidence inconclusive. nmol = nanomolar. mg = milligrams. BRJ = beetroot juice. mmol = millimoles. DASH = Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. n-3 PUFAs = omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.