Table 1.
Sex-related differences in diabetes mellitus complications and therapeutic use of metformin.
| Female versus Male | References | |
|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | Higher all-cause mortality | [122,123] |
| Higher risk PAD | [115,116,117] | |
| Higher RR for oral, stomach, and kidney cancers, and leukemia | [160] | |
| Met: antihyperglycemic effect | No difference | [31] |
| Met: pharmacokinetics | No difference, considering weight difference and monitoring eGFR. | [76] |
| Met: ADRs | Higher | [23,24] |
| Met: CRC-specific mortality * | Lower | [156] |
| Met: CRC incidence rate * | Lower | [157] |
| Met: COVID-19 * | Lower severity and mortality | [170,171] |
* = Diabetic and/or obese subjects; ADRs = adverse drug reactions; CRC = colorectal cancer; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; Met = metformin treatment; PAD = peripheral arterial disease; RR = relative risk.