Table 6.

Chemoprotective effects and effects against UV radiation-induced skin damage of Punica granatum.

Punica granatum Formulation	Effect	Model	Material	Dosage/Concentration	Mechanism	Study
Seed oil	Chemoprotective effects	DMBA- and TPA-induced skin tumor	CD1 mice	5%	Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which contributes to inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase and skin cancer promotion	Hora et al. [32]
Fruit extract	Chemoprotective effects	TPA-induced tumorigenesis	CD1 mice	2 mg	Modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB pathways	Afaq et al. [33]
Fruit extract	Photochemopreventive activity	UVA-induced tumorigenesis	NHEK cells	60, 80, 100 pg/mL	inhibition of UVA-mediated phosphorylation, ERKU2, phosphorylation of AKT1 at Ser473 and phosphorylation of STAT3, mTOR and p70S6K; inhibition of UVA-mediated increase in PCNA and Ki-67 protein expression; augmentation of UVA-mediated cell cycle arrest; dose-dependent modulations in levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 family	Syed et al. [35]
Ellagic acid	Antioxidative and photoprotective effects	UVA-induced oxidative stress	HaCaT cells	25–75 µM	Inhibition of UVA-induced generation of ROS	Hseu et al. [36]
Juice extract, oil	Photoprotective effects	UVB-mediated skin cell damage	3D full-thickness human reconstituted skin (EpiDerm™ FT-200 (Mattek Corp. (Ashland, MA, USA))	extract (5–10 μg), oil (1–2 μL)	Inhibition of CPD and 8-OHdG formation, UVB-mediated protein carbonyl group increase and cell proliferation; increase in tropoelastin levels; inhibition of UVB-mediated increase in the protein levels and activity of MMPs and phosphorylation of c-jun and expression of c-Fos	Afaq et al. [37]
Fruit extract	Photochemoprotective effects	UVB-mediated skin damage	SehcanismsKH1 mice	0.2%, w/vol	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and DNA repair mechanisms	Khan et al. [38]
Fruit extract	Prevention of UVB skin damage and photoaging	UVB-mediated oxidative stress	HaCaT cells	10–40 μg/mL	Inhibition of UVB-mediated cytotoxicity, decrease in glutathione and TIMP1 levels; increase in LPO and MMP protein expression; inhibition of UVB-mediated phosphorylation of c-jun and MAPK	Zaid et al. [39]
Peel extract	Photoprotective effects	In vitro evaluation of SPF	Mansur method	1 mg/mL	Absorption of UVA and UVB photons, antioxidant and antiaging activity	Zeghad et al. [40]
Peel extract	Protective effects against UV radiation- induced carcinogenesis	UV-induced skin cancer	SKH1/CRL mice	41.9 mg/kg	Inhibition of mutated p53 and PCNA expression	Gómez-García et al. [41]
Fruit extract incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles	Anticancer effects	Cancer cell culture model	HFB-4, MCF-7, PC-3 cells	49.2 μg/mL–219 μg/mL	Anti-invasive, anti- proliferative, proapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activity	Badawi et al. [42]
Fruit extract incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles in transdermal emulgel	Anticancer effects	Induced Ehrlich ascites carcinoma	Swiss albino female mice	1.2 mg/mL	Hydrolysable tannins and ellagic acid constraining tumor cell growth	Teaima et al. [43]