(A) Significant taxonomic variations at the genus level observed between rats with CRC-induced within the PBS cohort (Cohort 1) and the cohorts subjected to treatment with quercetin, luteolin, or xanthohumol (Cohorts 2, 3, and 4, respectively). (B) Significant taxonomic differences at the species level observed between rats with CRC induced within the PBS cohort (Cohort 1) and the cohorts subjected to treatment with quercetin, luteolin, or xanthohumol (Cohorts 2, 3, and 4, respectively). The median value of each cohort is represented as a horizontal line within each cohort. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.0005; **** p < 0.0001) (ANOVA test).