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. 2024 Apr 20;16(4):643. doi: 10.3390/v16040643

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Autophagy-inducing compounds alleviate cART-mediated increases in EV release. U1 HIV-1-infected monocytes and U937 uninfected monocytes were differentiated into macrophages using PMA (100 nM). Post-differentiation MDMs were treated twice with cART (10 µM of emtricitabine, tenofovir, darunavir, and 5 µM of ritonavir) as well as autophagy-inducing compounds: rapamycin (100 nM), resveratrol (1 µM), tamoxifen (2.5 µM), SAHA (1 µM), MG-132 (50 nM), and valproic acid (60 µM) for 5 days. Following incubation, the HIV+ MDM (A) and HIV− MDM (B) supernatants were analyzed using NTA to assess changes in the number of EVs released. An additional analysis investigated changes in the EV median diameter from HIV+ MDM (C) and HIV− MDM (D). Statistical significance was assessed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test comparing the treated samples (lanes 2–7) to an untreated control (lane 1). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, in which * represents significant decreases.