Table 3.
Distribution of pathogens isolated from different specimen types in the ICU, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Craiova, Romania, pre- and post-COVID-19 periods.
| Klebsiella spp. | Escherichia coli | Pseudomonas spp. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial Agent |
Pre-COVID-19 (n = 343) |
Post-COVID-19 (n = 326) |
p Value | Pre-COVID-19 (n = 109) |
Post-COVID-19 (n = 168) |
p Value |
Pre-COVID-19 (n = 93) |
Post-COVID-19 (n = 133) |
p Value |
| Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid |
217 (66.36%) |
194 (62.98%) |
0.15 | 31 (29.52%) |
60 (36.58%) |
0.23 | 18 (100%) |
7 (87.5%) |
0.12 |
| Ceftazidime | 209 (65.31%) |
223 (69.68%) |
0.23 | 32 (31.68%) |
64 (38.55%) |
0.25 | 53 (60.92%) |
86 (67.72%) |
0.30 |
| Ceftriaxone | 213 (65.34%) |
212 (67.30%) |
0.59 | 37 (35.58%) |
55 (33.95%) |
0.78 | 14 (82.35%) |
7 (70%) |
0.45 |
| Cefotaxime | 99 (65.56%) |
137 (65.55%) | <0.001 * | 7 (26.92%) |
40 33.78% |
0.31 | 9 (75%) |
9 (81.82%) |
0.69 |
| Cefazolin | 152 (77.16%) |
211 (79.32%) | 0.57 | 32 (57.14%) |
62 (51.24%) | 0.46 | 5 (100%) |
6 (100%) |
- |
| Cefepime | 132 (61.68%) |
172 (55.30%) |
0.14 | 21 (33.33%) |
40 (25.97%) |
0.27 | 52 (76.47%) |
55 (58.51%) |
0.01 * |
| Imipenem | 108 (40.60%) |
113 (45.56%) |
0.25 | 16 (16.49%) |
7 (6.14%) |
0.01 * | 45 (58.44%) |
35 (47.30%) |
0.17 |
| Meropenem | 111 (45.68%) |
106 (44.35%) |
0.76 | 2 (2.60%) |
9 (9.57%) |
0.06 | 52 (65%) |
47 (57.32%) |
0.31 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 199 (59.76%) |
179 (61.30%) |
0.69 | 43 (39.82%) |
64 (43.54%) |
0.74 | 49 (55.68%) |
76 (62.29%) |
0.33 |
| Levofloxacin | 40 (55.56%) |
82 (59%) |
0.63 | 13 (52%) |
21 (28.76%) |
0.03 | 31 (60.78%) |
49 (56.98%) |
0.21 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 35 (71.43%) |
119 (61.34%) |
0.19 | 0 (0%) |
24 (24%) |
0.14 | 28 (36.84%) |
39 (47.56%) |
0.36 |
| Colistin | 1 (0.38%) |
40 (20.51%) |
<0.001 * | 3 (4.69%) |
25 (32.46%) |
<0.001 * | 0 (0%) |
4 (4.88%) |
0.03 |
| Gentamicin | 112 (44.62%) |
203 (64.85%) |
<0.001 * | 21 (36.94%) |
60 (37.73%) |
0.90 | 38 (61.29%) |
77 (60.63%) |
0.93 |
| Aztreonam | 182 (56.35%) |
180 (73.60%) |
<0.001 * | 27 (27%) |
31 (27.43%) |
0.94 | 39 (50%) |
34 (39.08%) |
0.15 |
| Acinetobacter spp. | Proteus spp. | ||||||||
|
Antimicrobial
Agent |
Pre-COVID-19
(n = 213) |
Post-COVID-19
(n = 283) |
p Value |
Pre-COVID-19
(n = 133) |
Post-COVID-19
(n = 138) |
p Value | |||
| Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid |
87 (94.57%) |
47 (100%) |
0.10 | 100 (78.13%) |
96 (73.85%) |
0.42 | |||
| Ceftazidime | 165 (93.75%) |
265 (96.01%) |
0.27 | 89 (72.95%) |
100 (73.53%) |
0.91 | |||
| Ceftriaxone | 189 (97.73%) |
270 (97.12%) |
0.84 | 99 (76.15%) |
91 (67.41%) |
0.11 | |||
| Cefotaxime | 159 (95.78%) |
230 (95.43%) |
0.86 | 45 (80.36%) |
71 (72.45%) |
0.27 | |||
| Cefazolin | 52 (100%) |
49 (100%) |
- | 80 (94.12%) |
103 (84.43%) |
0.03 * | |||
| Cefepime | 132 (95.65%) |
141 (84.43%) |
<0.001 * | 40 (54.80%) |
28 (21.37%) |
<0.001 * | |||
| Imipenem | 77 (90.58%) |
156 (90.17%) |
0.91 | 49 (46.67%) |
33 (36.67%) |
0.15 | |||
| Meropenem | 150 (88.76%) |
192 (88.48%) |
0.93 | 19 (19.79%) |
10 (22.73%) |
0.69 | |||
| Ciprofloxacin | 190 (92.23%) |
165 (94.83%) |
0.30 | 82 (68.33%) |
93 (75%) |
0.24 | |||
| Levofloxacin | 47 (88.68%) |
104 (88.88%) |
0.96 | 20 (86.96%) |
41 (75.93%) |
0.27 | |||
| Piperacillin/ tazobactam |
118 (86.76%) |
186 (91.62%) |
0.14 | 0 (0%) |
20 (26.32%) |
0.06 | |||
| Colistin | 7 (3.37%) |
36 (18.09%) |
<0.001 * | 95 (100%) |
56 (100%) |
- | |||
| Gentamicin | 70 (86.42%) |
236 (85.19%) |
0.78 | 72 (76.59%) |
75 (55.97%) |
0.001 * | |||
| Aztreonam | 77 (96.25%) |
47 (81.03%) |
0.003 * | 34 (27.2%) |
24 (26.97%) |
0.96 | |||
The percentage of each column is calculated by dividing the resistance strains by the tested ones. Samples for which antibiotic resistance testing has not been performed are marked with ‘-’. p: p value, for comparing between pre- and post-COVID-19 periods; * statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05.