Table 4.
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from patients hospitalized in the ICU, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Craiova, Romania, pre- and post-COVID-19 periods.
| Staphylococcus aureus | CoNS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial Agent |
Pre- COVID-19 (n = 493) |
Post-COVID-19 (n = 440) |
p Value | Pre-COVID-19 (n = 128) |
Post-COVID-19 (n = 256) |
p Value |
| Ciprofloxacin | 296 (61.67%) |
259 (59.27%) |
0.45 | 90 (70.87%) |
149 (59.36%) |
0.18 |
| Clindamycin | 366 (76.25%) |
259 (77.72%) |
0.59 | 85 (66.93%) |
163 (68.20%) |
0.80 |
| Clarithromycin | 219 (56.74%) |
243 (60.90%) |
0.23 | 73 (67.60%) |
54 (73.97%) |
0.35 |
| Doxycycline | 190 (40.08%) |
135 (51.72%) |
0.002 * | 52 (54.74%) |
7 (43.75%) |
0.41 |
| Erythromycin | 359 (74.17%) |
239 (55.58%) |
<0.001 * | 100 (80.65%) |
99 (68.27%) |
0.02 * |
| Linezolid | 1 (0.22%) |
8 (3.13%) |
<0.001 * | 16 (23.88%) |
11 (9.65%) |
0.009 |
| Penicillin | 474 (98.34%) |
382 (87.01%) |
<0.001 * | 112 (93.33%) |
231 (93.52%) |
0.94 |
| Rifampicin | 252 (53.16%) |
263 (64.93%) |
<0.001 * | 57 (45.24%) |
157 (62.55%) |
0.001 * |
| Tetracycline | 224 (62.57%) |
25 (78.12%) |
0.07 | 85 (71.43%) |
81 (72.32%) |
0.88 |
| Oxacillin | 354 (72.99%) |
229 (73.40%) |
0.89 | 104 (81.89%) |
119 (76.28%) |
0.25 |
| Vancomycin | 2 (16.67%) |
1 (3.58%) |
0.14 | 12 (15.79%) |
1 (0.91%) |
<0.001 * |
| Teicoplanin | 5 (26.31%) |
55 (53.40%) |
0.03 * | 16 (26.67%) |
96 (63.57%) |
<0.001 * |
| Streptococcus spp. | Enterococcus spp. | |||||
|
Antimicrobial
Agent |
Pre-COVID-19
(n = 281) |
Post-COVID-19
(n = 192) |
p Value | Pre-COVID-19 (n = 45) |
Post-COVID-19
(n = 128) |
p Value |
| Ciprofloxacin | 5 (100%) |
3 (100%) |
- | 37 (86.05%) |
91 (72.8%) |
0.07 |
| Clindamycin | 80 (29.31%) |
50 (27.03%) |
0.59 | 1 (100%) |
1 (50%) |
- |
| Clarithromycin | 84 (49.12%) |
53 (27.03%) |
<0.001 * | 4 (100%) |
5 (71.43%) |
0.23 |
| Doxycycline | 24 (10.57%) |
16 (19.75%) |
0.03 * | 25 (80.65%) |
19 (33.33%) |
<0.001 * |
| Erythromycin | 144 (52.55%) |
46 (29.11%) |
<0.001 * | 6 (100%) |
42 (75%) |
0.16 |
| Linezolid | 0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
- | 2 (4.54%) |
1 (1.20%) |
0.23 |
| Penicillin | 200 (85.11%) |
74 (62.18%) |
<0.001 * | 16 (38.09%) |
60 (61.22%) |
0.01 * |
| Rifampicin | 4 (20%) |
3 (3.61%) |
0.008 | - | 19 (51.35%) |
- |
| Tetracycline | 41 (35.04%) |
34 (32.69%) |
0.71 | 6 (75%) |
13 (41.93%) |
0.09 |
| Oxacillin | 170 (91.89%) |
37 (87.70%) |
0.73 | - | 24 (96%) |
- |
| Vancomycin | 3 (1.11%) |
0 (0%) |
0.26 | 7 (29.17%) |
4 (5.33%) |
0.001 * |
| Teicoplanin | - | - | - | 12 (29.27%) |
27 (36.98%) |
0.40 |
The percentage of each column is calculated by dividing the resistance strains by the tested ones. Samples for which antibiotic resistance testing has not been performed are marked with ‘-’. p: p value, for comparing between pre- and post-COVID-19 period; * statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05.