Figure 7.

The intricate relationship between chronic inflammation, coagulation, and TGF-β1, particularly in the context of malignancies. Chronic inflammation can trigger the coagulation cascade through the activation of factors like tissue factor and Factor XII. This leads to the formation of microthrombi within blood vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue damage, further exacerbating inflammation and clotting. Platelets play a pivotal role in this process by releasing various substances, including pro-fibrotic factors like TGF-β1. Additionally, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) driven by tumor hypoxia promote the stabilization of HIF-1α, which cooperates with TGF-β1 to drive fibrosis and tumor progression.