Table 7.
Types and focuses of works related to BCTs.
| Work | Type | Focus | Use | Research | Data | WAT Model | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [35] | Health | Monitoring | Medical | Experimental | Demo setup with belt prototype worn by a 12-week-old baby and 21-week-old baby | Proprietary software | Health monitoring of infants through wearable sensors, wireless communication, and advanced data processing, enabling real-time transmission of physiological data |
| [36] | Privacy | Security | Personalized | Theoretical | Calculations and performance evaluations performed with 20 sensors | Proprietary software | Secure wireless transmission systems in implantable medical devices to protect patient rights and health |
| [37] | Behavior change | Learning | Medical | Experimental | Clinical trial of 71 children with autism spectrum disorder; families were asked to conduct sessions at home for 6 weeks | Google Glass | Mobile intervention focusing on facial engagement and emotion recognition in the child’s natural setting |
| [38] | Behavior change | Monitoring | Health | Research review | 54 publications were reviewed in full; of these, the majority, 43, were validation or validation-comparison designs for consumers | Proprietary software | Consumer-wearable physical activity monitors for objectively assessing physical activity, demonstrating early intervention efficacy for increasing activity levels |
| [12] | Behavior change | Physical activity | Health | Experimental | 6 fitness trackers that met the inclusion criteria of at least 150 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week and the reduction of sedentary behavior by minimizing the amount of prolonged sitting | Fitbit Flex 2 (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Huawei Band 2 Pro (Huawei, Shenzhen, China), Polar A300 (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland), Misfit Shine 2 (Misfit, Burlingame, United States), Nokia Go (Nokia, Espoo, Finland), Moov Now (Moov, San Francisco, United States) | Behavior change technique taxonomy to analyze swim-proof fitness trackers for increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior |
| [39] | Behavior change | Monitoring | Health | Experimental | Three self-monitoring systems were each used for a 1-week period | Fitbit (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Garmin (Garmin, Olathe, United States), Jawbone (Jawbone, San Francisco, United States) | BCTs in wearable activity trackers related to activity, sleep, and sedentary behaviors |
| [40] | Behavior change | Physical activity | Health | research questions | 28 participants completed an online survey composed of questions about demographics, step volume, and perceived importance and/or frequency of use of the BCTs | Fitbit Flex (San Francisco, United States) | Significant increase in daily steps and highlighted the perceived importance of BCTs such as “feedback on behavior”, “self-monitoring of behavior”, and “goal setting” for promoting physical activity |
| [41] | Behavior change | Physical activity | Health | Research review | Of the 682 studies available in the Fitabase Fitbit Research Library, 60 interventions met the eligibility criteria for this review | Fitbit Flex (San Francisco, United States) | Most studies used developmentally appropriate behavior change techniques and device wear instructions |
| [42] | Health | Accuracy | Health | Experimental | 49 participants used three devices: an Apple Watch Series 2, a Fitbit, and a Charge HR2; Participants engaged in a 65 min protocol with 40 min of total treadmill time and 25 min of sitting or lying time | Apple watch, Fitbit, and Charge HR2 | Commercial wearable devices such as Apple Watch and Fitbit were able to predict physical activity type with reasonable accuracy |
| [43] | Health | Monitoring | Mental health | Research review | 115 papers, 19 (16.5%) were identified as related to Apple Watch validation or comparison studies | Apple Watch (Apple, Cupertino, United States) | The results are encouraging regarding the application of the Apple Watch for mental health, as heart rate variability is a key indicator of changes in both physical and emotional states |
| [44] | Behavior change | Monitoring | Health | Research review | CNet list of “Best Wearable Tech for 2020” | Apple Watch (Apple, Cupertino, United States), Nike (Nike, Beaverton, United States), Fitbit Versa 2 (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Fitbit Charge 3 (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Fitbit Ionic—Adidas Edition (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Garmin Vivomove HR (Garmin, Olathe, United States), Garmin Vivosmart 4 (Garmin, Olathe, United States), Amazfit Bip (Huami, Hefei, China), Galaxy Watch Active (Samsung, Seoul, South Korea) | The devices shared several of the same BCTs, but Fitbit devices implemented the most BCTs that support the majority of the BCT intervention functions |
| [45] | Health | Monitoring | Health | Experimental | 521 Health+ cloud sphygmomanometer users. Respondents completed self-reported questionnaires. Of these 521 participants, 231 were male, 139 were aged under 40, and 178 had a Junior High School degree | Xiaomi Mi Band (Xiaomi, Beijing, China) | Understanding the factors that influence cloud sphygmomanometer usage may help health management organizations increase people’s willingness to use it to monitor their personal health |
| [46] | Health | Monitoring | Health | Experimental | 44 nursing home residents, at least 65 years old | Xiaomi Mi Band (Xiaomi, Beijing, China) | Sleep and some other parameters analyzed by the Xiaomi Mi Band 2 can influence the quality of life and occupational performance of older people living in nursing homes |
| [47] | Behavior change | Physical activity | Health | Research review | 19-item mobile app rating scale (MARS) and a taxonomy of BCTs was used to determine the presence of BCTs (26 items) | App Store and Google Play apps | The incorporation of BCTs was low, with limited prevalence of BCTs previously demonstrating efficacy in behavior change during pregnancy |
| [48] | Health | Behaviors | Health | Experimental | Posts (n = 509) made by Fitbit and Garmin on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram over a 3-month period were coded for the presence of creative elements | Fitbit (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Garmin (Garmin, Olathe, United States) | Findings suggest that Instagram may be a promising platform for delivering engaging health messaging. Health messages that incorporate inspirational imagery and focus on a tangible product appear to achieve the highest engagement |
| [49] | Behavior change | Behaviors | Health | Experimental | Own application | Apple Watch (Apple, Cupertino, United States), Fitbit (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Garmin (Garmin, Olathe, United States) | Passive sensing agent as a mobile health virtual human coach utilizing passive sensors from popular wearables |
| [50] | Health | Health | Health | Experimental | 20 participants (>65 years) took part in the study. The devices were worn by the participants for 24 h, and the results were compared against validated technology | Fitbit Charge 2 (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Garmin Vivosmart HR+ (Garmin, Olathe, United States) | The tested well-known devices could be adopted to estimate steps, energy expenditure, and sleep duration with an acceptable level of accuracy in the population of interest, although clinicians should be cautious when considering other parameters for clinical and research purposes |
| [51] | Behavior change | Behaviors | Health | Research questions | 25 interviewed users | Apple (Apple, Cupertino, United States), Xiaomi (Xiaomi, Beijing, China), Fitbit (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Garmin (Garmin, Olathe, United States) | Data revealed that wearables can influence users’ perceptions of self-efficacy regarding performing an activity |
| [52] | Health | Accuracy | Medical | Experimental | Thirty-three people with mild–moderate PD performed six two-minute indoor walks at their self-selected walking pace and at target cadences of 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 beats/min | Fitbit Charge HR (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Garmin Vivosmart (Garmin, Olathe, United States) | The Garmin device was more accurate at reflecting step count across a broader range of walking cadences than the Fitbit, but neither strongly reflected intensity of activity |
| [15] | Behavior change | Physical activity | Health | Research questions | 50 long-term wearable users based in Switzerland, used purposive sampling | Apple (Apple, Cupertino, United States), Fitbit (Fitbit, San Francisco, United States), Garmin (Garmin, Olathe, United States), Polar (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) | Four wearable use patterns and the associated behavior outcomes: 1) Following and compliance change, 2) Ignoring and no behavior change, 3) Combining and behavior change, and 4) Self-leading and no wearable-induced behavior change |
| [53] | Behavior change | Physical activity | Health | Experimental | 8 wearable sensors were placed on a human subject’s body to monitor three activities: running (a1), walking (a2), and sitting (a3) | Wearable sensors | Experimental analysis of the proposed multi-level decision system found that the new method improved the accuracy and true positive rate by reducing fusion delay |