Table 1.
Frequency of pre-admission time-critical medicine groups and their overall median times from ED presentation to the first dose administration.
| Variables | Before Accounting for a Potential Clustering Effect | After Accounting for a Potential Clustering Effect | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPMC (n = 107 TCMs) |
Early BPMH (n = 107 TCMs) |
Usual Care (n = 107 TCMs) |
p-Value | PPMC (n = 77 TCMs) |
Early BPMH (n = 76 TCMs) |
Usual Care (n = 91 TCMs) |
p-Value | |
| Group, n (%) | ||||||||
| Anti-coagulants | 24 (22%) | 23 (21%) | 24 (22%) | 0.98 * | 16 (21%) | 21 (28%) | 22 (24%) | 0.61 * |
| Anti-convulsants | 9 (8.4%) | 9 (8.4%) | 8 (7.5%) | 0.96 * | 6 (7.8%) | 7 (9.2%) | 6 (6.6%) | 0.82 * |
| Anti-Parkinson’s medications | 9 (8.4%) | 9 (8.4%) | 10 (9.3%) | 0.96 * | 7 (9.1%) | 7 (9.2%) | 8 (8.8%) | 0.99 * |
| Clozapine | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | >0.99 † | 1 (1.3%) | 1 (1.3%) | 1 (1.1%) | >0.99 † |
| Corticosteroids and hormones | 14 (13%) | 19 (18%) | 16 (15%) | 0.63 * | 9 (12%) | 13 (17%) | 14 (15%) | 0.63 * |
| Cytotoxic drugs | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | >0.99 † | - | - | - | - |
| Immunosuppressants | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | >0.99 † | - | - | - | - |
| Insulin | 17 (16%) | 15 (14%) | 16 (15%) | 0.93 * | 15 (19%) | 11 (14%) | 13 (14%) | 0.60 * |
| Oral hypoglycaemic agents | 33 (31%) | 29 (27%) | 31 (29%) | 0.83 * | 23 (30%) | 16 (21%) | 27 (30%) | 0.37 * |
| Median time, hours (IQR) | 8.8 (6.3, 16.3) | 17.5 (7.8, 22.9) | 15.1 (8.2, 21.1) | <0.001 ‡,§ | 9.0 (6.3, 16.1) | 16.7 (7.1, 22.2) | 14.2 (7.3, 21.2) | 0.007 ‡,¶ |
Abbreviations: BPMH, best-possible medication history; ED, emergency department; IQR; interquartile range; n, number; PPMC, partnered pharmacist medication charting; TCMs, time-critical medicines. * Pearson’s chi-square test. † Fisher’s exact test, ‡ Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test. § Dunn’s post-hoc test: <0.001, PPMC vs. early BPMH; 0.002, PPMC vs. usual care; 0.22, early BPMH vs. usual care. ¶ Dunn’s post-hoc test: 0.008, PPMC vs. early BPMH; 0.019, PPMC vs. usual care; 0.53, early BPMH vs. usual care.