Table 1.
Overview of bio-based vitrimers including their mechanism, glass transition temperature, strength, and degradation properties.
| Materials | Mechanism | Properties | References | Cost Estimation a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Recycling Condition | ||||
| ESO and rosin-based fumaropimaric acid | Transesterification | 65 | 16 | - | Ethanol solvent at 140 °C | [14] | 285–292 AUD/kg |
| ESO and camphoric acid | 40–48 | 0.56 | 0.0024 | Ethylene glycol at 190 °C | [29] | 986 AUD/kg | |
| Eugenol-derived epoxy and succinic acid | 42–47 | - | - | Ethanol at 160 °C | [59] | 1763–2030 AUD/kg | |
| Malonic ester and poly(hydroxyethyl) | - | 11.3–33.0 | 0.317–1.112 | - | [24] | 900 AUD/kg | |
| Vegetable-oil-based dimer acid and glycidylamine | −10–25 | 12–22 | 0.014–0.037 | Hydrothermal at 90 °C | [57] | 453–550 AUD/kg | |
| Hempseed-oil-based epoxy and diglycidyl bisphenol A | 40 | 54–75 | 1.02–1.29 | - | [27] | 397 AUD/kg | |
| Adipic acid and methane diamine | 72–86 | 57–75 | 1.9–2.3 | Ethanolamine at 60 °C | [26] | 1236–1436 AUD/kg | |
| Isosorbide-derived epoxy and 4,4′-methylenedianiline | Disulfide exchange | 37.3 | 11.37 | 2.36 | 5 wt.% NaOH solution | [65] | 169 AUD/kg |
| Isosorbide-derived epoxy and 4,4′-disulfanediyldianiline | 41.4 | 10.98 | 1.99 | 9110 AUD/kg | |||
| EVO—mono-unsaturated fatty acids and 2,2′-dithiodibenzoic acid | 17–40 | - | - | Mechanical recycling: grounded vitrimer powder was pressed and heated (120–170 °C; 10 min, 1–2 tons depending on fatty acid types) | [63] | 510–545 AUD/kg a* | |
| EVO—di-unsaturated fatty acids and 2,2′-dithiodibenzoic acid | 45–62 | ||||||
| EVO—tri-unsaturated fatty acids and 2,2′-dithiodibenzoic acid | 64–91 | ||||||
| ESO and vanillin | Polyimine exchange | 27.6 | 7.7 | 0.04 | HCl at RT | [25] | 436 AUD/kg |
| Glycerol triglycidyl ether and vanillin | 70 | 62 | 1.62 | Amine solution at RT | [82] | 402 AUD/kg | |
| Vanillin and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane | 102 | 80.3 | 2.89 | HCl at 60 °C | [83] | 744 AUD/kg | |
| Vanillin and isophorondiamine | 99 | 53.9 | 1.56 | 774 AUD/kg | |||
| Vanillin and diethyltriamine | 66 | 33.5 | 1.39 | 814 AUD/kg | |||
| Vanillin and 1,6-hexylenediamine | 83 | 73.2 | 1.96 | HCl at RT | [84] | 279 AUD/kg | |
| Vanillin and m-xylenediamine | 96 | 78.3 | 2.39 | 299 AUD/kg | |||
| Castor oil and DL-limonene | Vinylogous urethane | 39 | 5.5 | 0.027 | - | [42] | 25678 ADU/kg |
| β-ketoesters and vegetable-oil-based amine | 15–90 | 5.12 | 0.096 | Amine solution | [10] | 283 AUD/kg | |
| Methyloleate epoxy and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine | Transamidation | 7–21 | 1.5 | 0.017 | - | [81] | 5062 AUD/kg |
a Cost estimation is based on price of raw materials (with an equivalent weight ratio required for the synthesis) from Sigma-Aldrich. Details can be found in the supporting document; a* Cost is based on epoxidized soybean and linseed oils.