Table 3.

Risk of complications associated with the perioperative fluid group following emergency gastrointestinal surgery

	Low-FBa group (fluid balance < 0.0 L)	Moderate-FB group (fluid balance 0.0–2.0 L)	High-FB group (fluid balance > 2.0 L)	p Value
	n = 44	n = 108	n = 151
Cardiopulmonary complications	4 (9.1)	9 (8.3)	36 (23.8)	0.001
Arrhythmia, atrial	2 (4.5)	4 (3.7)	6 (4.0)
Arrhythmia, ventricular	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.7)
Acute myocardial infarction	0 (0.0)	1 (0.9)	2 (1.3)
Cardiac arrest	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.7)
Pleural exudation	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	9 (6.0)
Pulmonary congestion	0 (0.0)	2 (1.9)	10 (6.6)
Respiratory failure	0 (0.0)	2 (1.9)	7 (4.6)
Renal complications	5 (11.4)	11 (10.2)	25 (16.6)	0.303
Acute kidney Injuryb	5 (11.4)	10 (9.3)	18 (11.9)
Hydro nephrosis	0 (0.0)	1 (0.9)	2 (1.3)
Renal failure demanding dialysis	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	5 (3.3)
Infectious complications	10 (22.7)	29 (26.9)	45 (29.8)	0.633
Superficial wound infection	2 (4.5)	4 (3.7)	8 (5.3)
Deep wound infection	1 (2.3)	3 (2.8)	1 (0.7)
Urinary tract infection	2 (4.5)	4 (3.7)	14 (9.3)
Pneumonia	5 (11.4)	14 (13.0)	21 (13.9)
Intraabdominal abscess	0 (0.0)	4 (3.7)	1 (0.7)
Wound-related complications	6 (13.6)	19 (17.6)	17 (11.3)	0.347
Superficial wound rupture	3 (6.8)	9 (8.3)	5 (3.3)
Superficial wound infection	2 (4.5)	2 (1.9)	5 (3.3)
Deep wound infection	1 (2.3)	1 (0.9)	1 (0.7)
Fascia rupture	0 (0.0)	7 (6.5)	6 (4.0)

The results present number of patients with complications. Only the first appearing complication is presented for the sub-variables of the four groups of complications

^aFluid balance. ^bAccording to the ‘Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome’ (KDIGO) criteria deeming an increase of S-creatinine by > 26.5 mmol/L within 48 h post-surgical