Table 1.

The most commonly reported complications of COVID-19 infection

Symptoms category	Presentation	Ref.
Respiratory	Cough, rhinorrhea, shortness of breath, lung infiltration, and lung fibrosis	[17–19]
Gastrointestinal	Diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and digestive problems. GI hemorrhage and bloody diarrhea Bowel ischemia Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBD) and dyspepsia.	[20, 21]
Hepatobiliary	Acute liver failure, fulminant liver failure with encephalopathy, and scleral icterus. Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Elevated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis. Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy.	[21]
Renal	Electrolyte disturbance especially hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, renal artery thrombosis, renal infarction, and renal replacement therapy.	[22, 23]
Cardiovascular	Chest pain, ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, cardiogenic shock, decompensated heart failure, myocardial injury, myocarditis, dysrhythmia, and thromboembolic events.	[24, 25]
Central nervous system	Headache, dizziness, alteration of mental status, ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular attack (CVA), encephalopathy, meningitis, and seizure.	[26, 27]
Peripheral nervous system	Neuralgia, visual disturbance, dysgeusia, dysosmia, anosmia, ageusia, and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).	[26]
Psychological	Medical trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, depression, social stress and readjustment, anxiety, and psychosis.	[28]
Hematologic	Thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and aplastic anemia.	[29]
Thrombotic complications	Venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE) Arterial thromboembolic complications including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, acute limb ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, coronary stent thrombosis. Thrombosis of dialysis catheters in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuits.	[30]