Figure 12.

Perspective expansion, illustrated by two wide-angle photos taken moments apart, with the same camera settings (iPhone 13, 1×, 26 mm). (a) In the close-up, the dog’s snout appears as big as its body. (b) Increasing the camera’s distance to the subject reduces the perceived distortion. For both pictures, COP viewing distance is 75% of image height, e.g., if the picture is displayed 2 inches tall, then COP viewing requires placing the viewer’s eye 1.5 inches from the center of the picture.