Skip to main content
. 2024 Apr 24;12:e17097. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17097

Table 1. Study characteristics and participants.

References Study aim Independent variables Dependent variables Outcomes Study findings
Manyanga et al. (2014) To evaluate the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity as well as associated risk factors among school going adolescents in seven African countries using cross sectional data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey.

  1. Gender

  2. Age

  3. Food insecurity

  4. Vegetable consumption

  5. Consistently active

  6. Physical education class

  7. No walking/biking to school

  8. Soft drink

  9. Fast food

  10. Sitting 3+ h

  11. Parental support index

  1. Underweight

  2. Overweight and obesity

  1. There is a significant relationship between having 3+ days of physical education and being obese (OR: 1.51; 95% CI [1.02–2.24]).

  2. Not walking/biking to school appears to reduce the odds of being overweight in Morocco (OR = 0.77; 95% CI [0.61–0.97]), while it appears to increase the odds for students in Ghana (OR = 1.28; 95% CI [1.01–1.62]).

  3. For being obese, sitting 3+ h a day was now significant (OR = 1.58; 95% CI [1.01–2.48]).

 Having 3+ days of physical education and not walking/biking to school, sitting 3+ h/day were risk factors with overweight or obesity among school going adolescents.
Peltzer & Pengpid (2016) To examine the relationship between self-reported leisure time physical inactivity frequency and sedentary behaviour and lifestyle correlates among school children in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region.

  1. Sex

  2. Physical education

  3. Hunger (as proxy for socioeconomic status)

  4. BMI

  5. Fruits Vegetables

  6. Bullied

  7. Current smoking cigarettes

  8. Current other tobacco use

  9. Current alcohol use

  10. Close friends Lonely

  11. Suicidal ideation

  12. School attendance (never miss school)

  13. Peer support in school

  14. Parental or guardian supervision

  15. Parental or guardian connectedness

  16. Parental or guardian bonding

  1. Physical inactivity

  2. Sedentary behaviour

  1. The prevalence of physical inactivity was 80.4%, ranging from 74.8% in Myanmar to 90.7% in Cambodia and sedentary behaviour 33.0%, ranging from 10.5% in Cambodia and Myanmar to 42.7% in Malaysia.

    2. Not walking or biking to school, not attending physical education classes, inadequate vegetable consumption and lack of protective factors (peer and parental or guardian support) were associated with physical inactivity.

    3. Older age (14 and 15 years old), coming from an upper middle income country, being overweight or obese, attending physical education classes, alcohol use, loneliness, peer support and lack of parental or guardian supervision were associated with sedentary behaviour.

    4. In boys, lower socioeconomic status (in the form of having experienced hunger) and coming from a low income or lower middle income country were additionally associated with physical inactivity, and in girls, higher socioeconomic status, not walking or biking to school and being bullied were additionally associated with sedentary behaviour.
  • (1)

    The prevalence of leisure physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour among school going adolescents in Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries is very high.

  • (2)

    Several socio-demographic indicators, health risk status and behaviour, poor mental health and protective factors were identified.
Peltzer & Pengpid (2017) To assess suicidal ideation and associated factors in school-going adolescents in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations member states.

  1. Socio-demographics (Gender, Age)

  2. Hunger

  3. Psychosocial distress (Close friends, Lonely, Bullied, Physically attacked, In a physical fight)

  4. Parental/guardian support index (Parental or guardian supervision, Connectedness, Bonding)

  5. Peer support

  6. Current smoking cigarettes

  7. Current other tobacco use

  8. Ever got drunk

  9. Truancy

  10. Physical activity

  11. Sedentary leisure time behaviour

  12. Body Mass Index

  13. Country income

 Suicidal ideation

  1. No significant association was found between physical activity, sedentary leisure time behaviour and suicidal ideation,

  2. While significant associations were found between sedentary leisure time behaviour and suicidal ideation in Malaysia.

 There are no significant association was found between physical activity, sedentary leisure time behaviour and suicidal ideation in Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries except Malaysia.
Darfour-Oduro et al. (2018) To compare fruits and vegetables consumption and physical activity behavior patterns among adolescent girls and boys in 49 low-and-middle-income countries. Gender

  1. Fruits

  2. Vegetables

  3. Physical activity

  1. Less than 30% of adolescents across all countries met the World Health Organization guidelines for physical activity.

  2. India (29.5%) however had the highest percentage of adolescents meeting recommendations for physical activity.

  3. Adolescent boys were more active than girls, and this difference was more notable in the Middle East and North African region.

 Adolescents achieving the World Health Organization recommendations for daily consumption of physical activity were consistently low in all countries, and boys were more active than girls,
Vancampfort et al. (2018) To explore the association between sedentary behavior and depressive symptoms in adolescents from 30 low-and-middle-income countries, controlling for confounders including physical activity. Sedentary behavior

  • Depressive symptoms

  1. The prevalence of ≥3 h/day of sedentary behavior was 30.6%.

  2. There was a linear increase in the prevalence of depressive symptoms with increasing sedentary time beyond ≥3 h/day (vs. <1 h/day). Among boys, 1–2 h/day of sedentary behavior was associated with lower odds for depression (vs. <1 h/day).

  3. Country wide meta-analysis demonstrated that spending ≥3 h/day vs. <3 h/day was associated with a 20% increased odds for depressive symptoms (OR = 1.20; 95% CI [1.16–1.24]) with low between-country heterogeneity (I2 = 27.6%).

 Being sedentary for ≥3 h/day is associated with increased odds for depressive symptoms in adolescence.
Ashdown-Franks et al. (2019a) To examine the association between physical activity and cannabis use among adolescents in 21 low-and-middle-income countries using data from the 2010–2016 Global School-based Student Health Survey. Cannabis use Physical activity

  1. The prevalence of adequate levels of physical activity in past and current cannabis use was 7.3% and 6.9%, respectively.

  2. Current and past cannabis use (vs. never) were associated with a significant 0.62 (95% CI [0.41–0.94]) and 0.43 (95% CI [0.30–0.63]) times lower odds for achieving adequate levels of physical activity, respectively.
  • (1)

    High prevalence of low physical activity among adolescents in low-and-middle-income countries.

  • (2)

    A negative association between cannabis use and adequate physical activity in low-and-middle-income countries.
Ashdown-Franks et al. (2019b) To examine the relationship between sedentary behavior, fast food consumption and carbonated soft drink consumption among adolescents in 41 low-and-middle-income countries. Sedentary behavior

  1. Fast food consumption

  2. Carbonated soft drink consumption

  1. 27.0% of the adolescents engaged in ≥3 h/day of sedentary behavior per day (range: 8.2% (pakistan) to 54.6% (Antigua & Barbuda)). The overall prevalence of sedentary behavior were: <1 h/day 38.7%; 1–2 h/day 34.3%; 3–4 h/day 15.8%; 5–8 h/day 7.7%; and >8 h/day 3.6%.

  2. The overall pooled estimates based on a meta-analysis with random effects for the association of ≥3 h/day of sedentary behavior with fast food consumption and soft drink consumption using country-wise estimates were OR = 1.35 (95% CI [1.27–1.43], I2 = 62.1%).) and OR = 1.26 (95% CI [1.19–1.34]; I2 = 54.3%), respectively.

  3. Spending >8 h/day of sedentary behavior compared to <1 h/day in females was associated with significantly higher odds for fast food (OR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.38–1.88]) and soft drink consumption (OR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.60–2.28]).
  • (1)

    The results demonstrate that among adolescents in low-and-middle-income countries, rates of fast-food consumption and soft drink consumption increased with increasing time spent sedentary.

  • (2)

    There were some differences in the findings between countries and sexes.
Ashdown-Franks et al. (2019c) To explore the associations between sedentary behavior and obesity in adolescents from 41 low-and-middle-income countries. Sedentary behavior Obesity The multivariable logistic regression analysis in which >8 h/d of sedentary behavior was associated with 1.40 (95% CI [1.06–1.86]) times higher odds of obesity compared with <1 h/d . The association was strongest in low-income countries (pooled OR = 1.87; 95% CI [1.08–3.25]), followed by lower-middle-income countries (OR = 1.28; 95% CI [1.17–1.41]) and upper-middle-income countries (OR = 1.08; 95% CI [0.99–1.18]). Being sedentary for ≥ 3 h/d is associated with increased odds of obesity in adolescence.
Vancampfort et al. (2019a) To explore associations between leisure-time sedentary behavior and loneliness in adolescents from 52 low- and middle-income countries. Leisure-time sedentary behavior Loneliness

  1. The prevalence of <1, 1–2, 3–4, 5–8, and >8 h of leisure-time sedentary behavior were 41.4%, 32.9%, 14.8%, 7.4%, and 3.6%, respectively.

  2. Compared to those who engage in less than 1 h of leisure-time sedentary behavior per day, the OR (95% CI) of loneliness for 1–2 h/day, 3–4 h/day, 5–8 h/day and >8 h/day were 1.00 [0.91–1.11], 1.29 [1.15–1.45], 1.37 [1.17–1.61], and 1.66 [1.39–1.99], respectively.

 Data suggest that leisure-time sedentary behavior is associated with increased odds for feeling lonely in adolescence.
Vancampfort et al. (2019b) To explore associations between cannabis use and leisure-time sedentary behavior in adolescents from 24 low- and middle-income countries. Cannabis use Leisure-time sedentary behavior

  1. The prevalence of high leisure-time sedentary behavior (3 h/day) was 26.6%.

  2. Compared to those who did not consume cannabis in the past 30 days, the OR (99% CI) for high leisure-time sedentary behavior among those who used cannabis 1–2 times, 3–9 times, 10–19 times, and 20 times were 0.89 [0.58–1.35], 1.96 [1.26–3.07], 1.97 [0.71–5.47], and 2.34 [0.95–5.78], respectively (test for trend p < 0.01).

 Data suggest that frequent cannabis use is associated with increased odds for being more sedentary in adolescence.
Vancampfort et al. (2019c) To assesse at the personal and health-behavior related correlates and at the interpersonal level of the socio-ecological model, correlates of leisure time sedentary behaviour among adolescents aged 12–15 years who participated in the Global school-based Student Health Survey.

  1. Socio-demographic (Age, Sex, Food insecurity)

  2. Socio-cultural (Parental support/monitoring, Close friends, Bullying victimization)

  3. Other health risk behaviors (Smoking, Alcohol consumption)

 Leisure-time sedentary behavior

  1. The overall prevalence of ≥3 h/day of leisure-time sedentary behavior was 26.4% (95% CI [25.6–27.2%]).

  2. Increasing age (OR = 1.14; 95% CI [1.11–1.17]), past 30-day smoking (OR = 1.85; 95% CI [1.69–2.03]), alcohol consumption (OR = 2.01; 95% CI [1.85–2.18]), and bullying victimization (OR = 1.39; 95% CI [1.31–1.48]) were positively associated with increased leisure-time sedentary behavior across the entire sample of 181,793 adolescents.

  3. Food insecurity (OR = 0.93; 95% CI [0.89–0.97]) and low parental support/monitoring (OR = 0.91; 95% CI [0.85–0.98]) were negatively associated with leisure-time sedentary behavior.

 Data indicate that in adolescents aged 12 to 15 years living in low- and middle-income countries, sedentary behavior determined by modifiable sociocultural and lifestyle factors (age, past 30-day smoking, alcohol consumption, bullying victimization, food insecurity and parental support/monitoring).
Vancampfort et al. (2019b) To identifie physical activity correlates using data from the Global school-based Student Health Survey.

  1. Age

  2. Sex

  3. Food insecurity

  4. Smoking

  5. Alcohol consumption

  6. Fast food consumption

  7. Carbonated soft drink consumption

  8. Low fruit/vegetable consumption

  9. Obesity

  10. Physical education

  11. Low parental support/monitoring

  12. Close friends

  13. Bullying victimization

 Physical activity

  1. The prevalence of low physical activity was 15.3% (95% CI [14.5–16.1%]).

  2. Boys (OR = 1.64; 95% CI [1.47–1.83]) and those who participated in physical education for ≥5 days/week (OR = 1.12; 95% CI [1.10–1.15]) were more likely to meet physical activity guidelines, while adolescents with food insecurity (OR = 0.85; 95% CI [0.80–0.90]), low fruit and vegetable intake (OR = 0.68; 95% CI [0.63–0.74]), low parental support/monitoring (OR = 0.68; 95% CI [0.62–0.74]), no friends (OR = 0.80; 95% CI [0.72–0.88]), and who experienced bullying (OR = 0.93; 95% CI [0.86–0.99]) were less likely to have adequate levels of physical activity.

 Data indicate that in adolescents aged 12 to 15 years living in low- and middle-income countries, physical activity determined by modifiable sociocultural and lifestyle factors (sex, physical education, food insecurity, fruit and vegetable intake, parental support/monitoring, friends, and bullying victimization).
Alfonso-Rosa et al. (2020) To provide a global perspective of the association between different lifestyle behaviors and bullying in school adolescents and to ascertain whether or not the Human Development Index moderated those associations. Lifestyle behaviors:

  1. Physical activity

  2. Active transport

  3. Physical education class participation

  4. Sedentary behavior

 Bullying Excessive sitting time [1.38 (1.34, 1.41)], attendance to physical education [0.87 (0.85, 0.89)], and active transport [0.94 (0.91, 0.97)] but not overall physical activity [1.01 (0.99, 1.04)] were associated with bullying in the study sample. Active commuting and attendance to physical education play a protective role for bullying, while physical activity does not.
Darfour-Oduro, Andrade & Grigsby-Toussaint (2020) To determine the relationship between the physical and social environments as well as physical activity on the daily intake of fruits and vegetables among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.

  1. Food insecurity

  2. Parental connectedness

  3. Parental Supervision

  4. Parental Bonding

  5. Physical Activity

  1. Fruits

  2. Vegetables

 Physical activity was also positively associated with adolescents consuming ≥5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI [1.13–1.50]; p-value < 0.001). Adolescents’ physical activity behavior is a significant predictor of adolescents’ intake of fruits and vegetables.
Li et al. (2020) To compare the prevalence of fast-food consumption among young adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.

  1. Age

  2. Sex

  3. Body Mass Index

  4. Food insecurity

  5. Fruit consumption

  6. Vegetable consumption

  7. Soft-drink consumption

  8. Smoking

  9. Physical active

  10. Sedentary behavior.

 Fast-food consumption Physical activity, and sedentary behavior [odds ratio: 1.258 (1.209–1.308), and 1.491 (1.439–1.545)] were positively correlated with fast food consumption. Physical activity, and sedentary behavior were positively correlated with fast food consumption.
Liu et al. (2021) This study aimed to explore the association between active school travel and depressive symptoms among adolescents aged 12-15 yeas from 26 low- and middle-income countries. Active school travel Depressive symptoms

  1. The prevalence of active school travel were 37.0%.

  2. Compared with those not having active school travel, adolescents with active school travel were less likely to have self-reported depressive symptoms (OR = 0.88, 95% CI [0.85–0.93]) regardless of gender. Countrywide meta-analysis demonstrated that having active school travel vs. not having active school travel was associated with 12% decreased odds for depressive symptoms (OR = 0.88; 95% CI [0.82–0.94]) but with a moderate between-country heterogeneity (I2 = 59.0%)

 AST may be an effective prevention against depressive symptoms among adolescents from low- and middle-income countries.
Ma et al. (2020) To assesse the prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behavior, and their associations with a country’s economic development in young adolescents aged 12–15 years in 68 low- and middle-income countries. Purchasing power parity/capita

  1. Physical activity

  2. Sedentary behavior

  1. 15.3% of young adolescents achieved the recommended level for sufficient physical activity (≥60 min/day of physical activity of any kind per week according to World Health Organization) and 64.6% achieved a low sedentary behavior (≤2 h of sitting activities/day according to some guidelines, not accounting for sitting time at school or for doing homework). Only 9.1% of young adolescents met the recommended levels of both behaviors.

  2. Comparing the lowest to the highest quintiles of a country’s purchasing power arity per capita , mean values of both physical activity (boys: 2.55 to 2.96 days/week; girls: 2.10 to 2.31 days/week) and sedentary behavior (boys: 1.86 to 3.13 h/day; girls: 1.83 to 3.53 h/day) increased. The prevalence of having both recommended behaviors decreased among boys (12.0% to 10.0%) and girls (9.6% to 4.9%) (p < 0.001).
  • (1)

    A relatively low prevalence of sufficient physical activity and relatively high prevalence of sedentary behavioramongyoung adolescents aged 12–15 years in low- and middle-income countries.

  • (2)

    Physical activity and sedentary behavior differed according to sex, age, country, and Purchasing power parity/capita.
Uddin et al. (2020) To examine the relationships of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with suicidal thoughts and behaviour among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.

  1. Physical activity

  2. Sedentary behaviours

  1. Suicidal ideation

  2. Suicide planning

  3. Suicide attempts

  1. High sedentary behavior (≥3 h/day) was independently associated with higher odds of suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts for both male and female adolescents.

  2. Insufficient physical activity (<60 min/day) was not associated with higher odds of ideation for either sex; however, was associated with planning and attempts for male adolescents.

  3. The combination of insufficient physical activity and high sedentary behavior, compared to sufficient physical activity and low sedentary behavior, was associated with higher odds of suicide ideation and planning for both male and female adolescents, and suicide attempts for male adolescents
  • (1)

    High sedentary behavior may be an indicator of suicidal vulnerability among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries.

  • (2)

    Low physical activity may be a more important risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviours among male, than female, adolescents.
Wang et al. (2020) To examine the association between sedentary behaviour and the risk of anxiety symptoms among youth in 24 low- and middleincome countries. Sedentary behaviour Anxiety symptoms

  1. Sedentary behaviour of >2 h/day was observed in 32.7% ofthe youth (ranging from 9.6% in Myanmar to 53.5% in Saint Lucia).

  2. Countrywide meta-analysis demonstrated that sedentary behaviour of >2 h/day (vs. ≤2 h/day) was associated with an increased risk of anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.22; 95% CI [1.10–1.37])

 The current study provides multi-national evidence of the dangerous effect of sedentary behaviour on anxiety symptoms among youth in low- and middle-income countries.
Xu et al. (2020) To describe and comare the separate and combined prevalence of physical activity, active transportation, physical education, and sedentary behavior among adolescents 12–15 year-olds in low- and middle-income countries. N/A

  1. Physical activity,

  2. Active transportation

  3. Physical education

  4. Sedentary behavior

  1. Only 0.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.5–1.0%]) of the adolescents, comprising 0.9% (95% CI [0.6–1.3%]) of the boys and 0.5% (95% CI [0.3–0.7%]) of the girls, displayed all of the qualifying physical behaviors.

  2. The overall prevalence of physical activity, active transportation, physical education, and sedentary behavior was 15.2% (95% CI [13.7–16.7%]), 39.5% (95% CI [34.9–44.0%]), 18.8% (95% CI [16.1–21.5%]), and 34.6% (95% CI [28.4–40.7%]), respectively.

  3. The overall prevalence of high levels of combined physical behaviors was 6.6% (95% CI [5.4–7.8%]), with lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean region (4.9%, 95% CI [3.5–6.2%]) and highest in Southeast Asia (8.6%, 95% CI [4.9–12.3%]).

 The prevalence of the separate physical behaviors and high levels of the combined physical behaviors was consistently low among young adolescents in low- and middle-income countries, and that of all qualifying physical behaviors was even lower.
Aboagye et al. (2021) This study seeks to determine the prevalence and factors influencing unintentional injuries among in-school adolescents using nationally representative data.

  1. Sociodemographic Characteristics (Age, Sex, Grade)

  2. Hunger (A proxy to socio-economic status)

  3. Physical education

  4. Truancy

  5. Bullied

  6. Physical fight

  7. Physically attacked

  8. peer support

  9. substance use (current alcohol use, smoking cigarettes, tobacco use, marijuana use, drugs use)

  10. psychological distress (Loneliness, Anxiety, Suicide attempt, Close friends)

  11. Parental or guardian support and bonding (Parental supervision, Parental Connectedness, Parental or guardian Bonding, Parental respect for privacy)

 Self-reported injury

  1. Over sixty-six percent of the students in junior high schools reported

  2. having been injured, while 63.1% of students aged 14–16 years were injured. Among those

  3. who reported having been injured once or multiple times, hunger, physical education,

  4. truancy, physical fighting, physical attack, and peer support contributed to 63.9%, 73.8%,

  5. 67.9%, 72.8%, 75.9%, 75.4%, and 53.4% of the prevalence, respectively.

  6. In-school adolescents who participated in physical education (adjusted OR = 1.27, CI [1.03–1.58]) had higher odds of reporting one or more serious injuries.

 In-school adolescents who participated in physical education had higher odds of reporting one or more serious injuries.
Hoogstoel et al. (2021) To assess the prevalence of suicidality, identify the different
behavioral profiles related to lifestyle, and determine their association with suicidality among adolescents in Benin using latent class analysis.

  1. Psychosocial distress (Anxiety, Loneliness, Physical attack, Physical fight)

  2. Socio-environmental factors (parental support)

  3. Health Risk Behaviors (Tobacco consumption, Alcohol consumption, Physical activity)

  4. Sociodemographic characteristics (Age, Sex, Grade, Socioeconomic status)

  1. Suicidal ideation

  2. Suicidal planning

  3. Suicidal attempts

  1. A total of 62.0% had insufficient physical activity (inactive).

  2. Physical inactivity and a lack of parental support were relatively common indicators

  3. in each profile. However, it should be noted that the adolescents in Profiles 2 and 4 were

  4. much more active than those in Profiles 1 and 3. A lack of parental support was a very

  5. prominent variable in each profile, with a slight gradual increase in the proportions across

  6. the profiles from 1 to 4; Profile 4 had the most adolescents in need of support.

 This increased risk of suicidality was associated with physical inactivity.
Ozeylem, de la Torre-Luque & Essau (2021) To examine personal and interpersonal factors that contribute to risk for substance use among adolescents in six Association of Southeast Asian Nations low- and middle-income countries (i.e., Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines and Thailand). Personal risk factors:

  1. Sex

  2. Age

  3. The frequency of being physically active

  4. Have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night

  5. Interpersonal risk factors:

  6. Being bullied, Loneliness

  7. Having close friends

  8. Feelings that your parents or guardians understand their problems and worries.

  1. Alcohol use

  2. Problematic alcohol use

  3. Regular smoking

  4. Other drugs

  1. The prevalence of physical activity practice (4 days a week or more) was 19.4% (Indonesia), 23.7% (Laos), 30.18% (Malaysia), 21.66% (Myanmar), 15.2% (Philippines), 24.71% (Thailand), respectively.

  2. Comphysical activityred with those who hadless than 4 days/week of physical activity practice, those who had 4 days a week of physical activity practice were at higher odds ratio of Binge drinking OR = 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.15–1.54]), Heavy drinking OR = 2.00 (95% CI [1.50–2.67]).

 Regular physical activity were found to predict adolescents heavy and binge drinking.
Qi et al. (2021) To estimate the prevalence of respondents reporting a poor, intermediate, and ideal smoking status, body mass index, physical activity level, and healthy dietary pattern, as well as the cumulative numbers of ideal cardiovascular health behaviours, among young adolescents in low- and middle-income countries by region and country. N/A

  1. Smoking status

  2. Body Mass Index

  3. Physical activity level

  4. Healthy dietary pattern

  1. Regarding physical activity, the overall prevalence of an ideal

  2. level was 15.4% (13.7–17.2), and the lowest and highest national rates were observed in Cambodia and Bangladesh, respectively.

  3. Boys and girls had prevalence rates of 19.7% (17.8–21.6) and 11.5% (10.0–13.0), respectively. Boys were more likely than girls to report an ideal level of physical activity (P = 0.001).

  4. The pooled prevalence of an ideal level of physical activity was lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean (12.9%) and highest in Southeast Asia (18.8%).

 Consistently low proportions of young adolescents in low- and middle-income countriess met the ideal levels of physical activity.
Smith et al. (2021) To assess the associations between obesogenic behaviours and bullying victimization in 54 low- and middle-income countries.

  1. Anxiety-induced sleep problems

  2. Fast-food consumption

  3. Carbonated soft-drink consumption

  4. No physical activity

  5. Sedentary behaviour

 Bullying victimization

  1. A total of 31.4% (no physical activity); 26.4% (≥3 h/day sedentary behaviour)

  2. Bullying victimization (vs no bullying victimization) was significant associated with no physical activity 0.84 (0.79–0.89); and sedentary behaviour 1.34 (1.25–1.43). The strength of the association was similar among boys and girls.

 Bullying victimization was significant associated with no physical activity and sedentary behaviour.
Vancampfort et al. (2021) To examine associations between leisure-time sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adolescents from 47 low- and middle-income countries . Leisure-time sedentary behavior Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity

  1. The prevalence of ≥3 h/day of leisure-time sedentary behavior and 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity/day last week were 26.3% (girls 26.2%; boys 26.5%) and 15.3% (girls 12.1%; boys 18.4%), respectively.

  2. Leisure-time sedentary behavior of ≥3 h/day vs. <3 h/day was associated with a 35% increased odds for adequate levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in boys [OR ¼ 1.35 (95% CI ¼ [1.23–1.48]) and 22% in girls (1.22 (95% CI ¼ [1.10–1.36]).

 Data indicate that being physically active 60 min per day every day and at moderate-tovigorous intensity and being sedentary ≥3 h/day during leisure-time might co-exist in adolescents in some low- and middle-income countries.
Khan, Khan & Burton (2022) To evaluate the associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with loneliness among adolescents with overweight/obesity.

  1. Physical activity

  2. Sedentary behaviour

 Loneliness

  1. A total of 31% had high sedentary behavior (3 h/day) and 86% were not sufficiently active (<7 days/week of 60 min/day).

  2. High sedentary behavior and insufficient physical activity were positively associated with loneliness (a OR 1.22, 95% CI [1.08–1.38], a OR 1.37, 95% CI [1.18–1.59], respectively).

 High sedentary behavior and insufficient physical activity were positively associated with loneliness.
Ma et al. (2022) To examine the association between leisure sedentary time and suicidal ideation, planning and attempts among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. Sedentary behaviour

  1. Suicidal ideation

  2. Suicidal planning

  3. Suicidal attempts

  1. The overall prevalence of leisure sedentary time more than 2 h/day was 35.3%, lowest in Nepal (9.5%) and highest in Kuwait (63.5%).

  2. Compared with those who had less than 1 h/day of sedentary time, those who had 3, 4 h/day sedentary time were at higher odds ratio (OR) of suicidal ideation OR = 1.21 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.14–1.29]), planning OR = 1.15 (95% CI [1.07–1.22]) and attempts OR = 1.17 (95% CI [1.09–1.26]), and those who had more than 8 h/day sedentary time were at OR = 1.58 (95% CI [1.44–1.72]), OR = 1.44 (95% CI [1.31–1.58]) and OR = 1.27 (95% CI [1.16–1.40]), respectively.

 Higher amounts of leisure sedentary time are associated with suicidal ideation, planning and attempts among adolescents.
Felez-Nobrega et al. (2023) The present study aims to examine temporal trends in adolescents’ active school commuting and to examine if there are diferences in such trends by sex. Active commuting Sex (male or female) Trends in active school commuting were heterogeneous across countries, with results showing stable patterns for the majority (16/28), decreasing trends for some (7/28) and increasing trends over time for a few (5/28). The majority of countries showed no differences in active school commuting trends between girls and boys. The quantification of changes in adolescents’ active school commuting over time, together with a
a deeper understanding of local determinants for such behaviors will provide valuable evidence to inform the development of tailored and context-specific actions