Table 1.
An overview of the demographics, clinical functioning, cognitive functioning. and PROMS per cognitive profile
| The sample (n = 1213) |
Profile 1 (n = 85) |
Profile 2 (n = 277) |
Profile 3 (n = 41) |
Profile 4 (n = 332) |
Profile 5 (n = 371) |
Profile 6 (n = 107) |
pb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Sex|female (%) | 872 (71.9%) | 66 (77.6%) | 214 (77.3%) | 32 (78.0%) | 217 (65.4%) | 267 (72.0%) | 76 (71.0%) | 0.066 |
| Age | 45.4 ± 10.7 | 43.9 ± 10.4 | 43.3 ± 9.8 | 45.5 ± 10.3 | 45.9 ± 10.8 | 45.9 ± 10.9 | 48.8 ± 11.1 | < 0.001* |
| Educationa | 6.0 (5.0–6.0) | 6.0 (5.0–6.0) | 6.0 (5.0–6.0) | 5.0 (5.0–6.0) | 6.0 (5.0–6.0) | 6.0 (5.0–6.0) | 6.0 (5.0–6.0) | 1.000 |
| Clinical functioning | ||||||||
| MS type|n (%) | < 0.001* | |||||||
| RRMS | 1005 (82.9%) | 76 (89.4%) | 259 (93.5%) | 37 (90.2%) | 267 (80.4%) | 290 (78.2%) | 76 (71.0%) | |
| SPMS | 122 (10.1%) | 8 (9.4%) | 10 (3.6%) | 4 (9.8%) | 33 (9.9%) | 48 (12.9%) | 19 (17.8%) | |
| PPMS | 63 (5.2%) | 1 (1.2%) | 5 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) | 22 (6.6%) | 28 (7.5%) | 7 (6.5%) | |
| CIS | 5 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Unknown | 18 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (2.1%) | 5 (1.3%) | 4 (3.7%) | |
| Disease duration | 9.8 ± 7.7 | 8.9 ± 7.4 | 8.3 ± 6.7 | 10.2 ± 7.8 | 7.5 ± 6.2 | 10.2 ± 7.8 | 13.1 ± 9.0 | < 0.001* |
| EDSS | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 4.2 ± 1.5 | < 0.001* |
| Cognitive functioning | ||||||||
| Cognitive status | CI (%) | 402 (33.1%) | 10 (11.8%) | 40 (14.4%) | 8 (19.5%) | 111 (33.4%) | 131 (35.3%) | 102 (95.3%) | < 0.001* |
| Attention | CI (%) | − 0.8 ± 1.2 (22.8%) | − 0.4 ± 0.7 (5.9%) | − 0.1 ± 0.7 (4.0%) | − 0.5 ± 0.3 (0.0%) | − 0.4 ± 0.9 (13.6%) | − 1.1 ± 1.1 (35.6%) | − 2.6 ± 1.6 (78.5%) | < 0.001* |
| Inhibition | CI (%) | − 0.5 ± 1.3 (19.0%) | 0.2 ± 1.1 (8.2%) | 0.1 ± 0.8 (1.8%) | − 0.6 ± 0.6 (9.8%) | − 0.3 ± 1.2 (16.0%) | − 0.9 ± 1.1 (27.8%) | − 1.8 ± 2.0 (55.1%) | < 0.001* |
| IPS | CI (%) | − 1.1 ± 1.2 (34.2%) | − 0.5 ± 1.4 (22.4%) | − 1.0 ± 0.8 (27.1%) | − 1.1 ± 0.6 (19.5%) | − 0.9 ± 1.1 (28.6%) | − 1.2 ± 1.3 (36.7%) | − 2.4 ± 1.1 (76.6%) | < 0.001* |
| Verbal fluency | CI (%) | − 0.7 ± 0.8 (12.2%) | − 0.3 ± 0.8 (7.1%) | − 0.3 ± 1.0 (11.2%) | − 0.7 ± 0.4 (0.0%) | − 0.5 ± 0.6 (6.6%) | − 1.1 ± 0.4 (14.3%) | − 1.2 ± 0.8 (33.6%) | < 0.001* |
| Verbal memory | CI (%) | − 0.7 ± 1.2 (22.8%) | − 0.3 ± 0.7 (3.5%) | − 0.8 ± 1.1 (27.1%) | − 0.7 ± 0.4 (7.3%) | − 0.6 ± 1.2 (22.9%) | − 0.3 ± 0.8 (10.0%) | − 2.3 ± 1.3 (76.6%) | < 0.001* |
| Visuospatial memory | CI (%) | − 0.4 ± 1.0 (14.6%) | − 0.4 ± 0.4 (1.2%) | 0.1 ± 0.3 (0.0%) | − 0.6 ± 0.9 (17.1%) | − 0.9 ± 1.3 (33.1%) | − 0.1 ± 0.8 (3.5%) | − 1.4 ± 1.1 (43.0%) | < 0.001* |
| Psychological functioning | ||||||||
| HADS-A | 6.3 ± 3.7 | 5.5 ± 3.4 | 6.5 ± 3.3 | 6.6 ± 3.8 | 6.0 ± 3.5 | 6.3 ± 3.9 | 7.0 ± 4.4 | 0.180 |
| HADS-D | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 3.7 ± 3.4 | 4.1 ± 3.1 | 5.7 ± 3.9 | 4.4 ± 3.4 | 5.1 ± 4.0 | 5.6 ± 3.4 | < 0.001* |
| CIS20-R | 79.7 ± 21.1 | 72.2 ± 21.6 | 76.2 ± 17.4 | 84.6 ± 19.0 | 78.1 ± 21.7 | 82.6 ± 22.1 | 88.1 ± 20.7 | < 0.001* |
Displayed are the mean ± standard deviation
Abbreviations: RRMS relapsing–remitting MS, SPMS secondary progressive MS, PPMS primary progressive MS, CIS clinically isolated syndrome, EDSS Expanded Disability Status Scale, CI cognitively impaired, IPS information processing speed, PROMS patient-reported outcome measures, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-Anxiety subscale, HADS-D HADS-Depression subscale, CIS20-R Checklist Individual Strength 20-Revised
aFor ordinal or not normally distributed variables, median and (interquartile range) are displayed
bCorrected p values
*Significant between all profiles, at an α-level of 0.05, after correcting for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni