Table 2.
iTUG-related study characteristics (N = 20)
| First author (year) | iTUG technology, sensors | iTUG speed instruction | Body placement | Number of iTUG repetitions | Analyzed segments | Purpose of iTUG use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (PwiNPH)—surgical and invasive procedures | ||||||
| Ferrari (2020) | “mGAIT” (mHealth Technologies, Bologna, Italy): accelerometer, gyroscope | Preferred speeda | Shoes, lower trunk | 3 | Total iTUG duration | iTUG was used to determine contribution of instrumented measures in assessing motor performance pre vs. post tap-test in PwiNPH; evaluate differences in effects 24 h or 72 h after tap-test |
| Ferrari (2022) | “mGAIT” (mHealth Technologies, Bologna, Italy): accelerometer, gyroscope | Preferred speeda | Shoes, lower trunk | 3 |
Total iTUG duration 3 segments: sit-to-stand, walk total, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to test validity of instrumental variables: concurrent validity, responsiveness to VPS, ability in tap-test to predict VPS outcomes |
| Yamada (2019) | “iPhone” (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA), free application (Senior Quality, Digital Standard Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan): accelerometer, gyroscope | As fast as possible | Pouch, navel | 2 | Total iTUG duration | iTUG was used to investigate different iTUG measures for evaluating gait disturbance pre/post tap-test and VPS |
| Ishikawa (2019) | “iPhone” (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA), free application (Senior Quality, Digital Standard Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan): accelerometer, gyroscope | As fast as possible without running | Elastic belt, navel | 2 |
Total iTUG duration 6 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, turn 2, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to examine usefulness of iTUG in PwiNPH and to explore changes in gait patterns |
| Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD)—pharmacological intervention | ||||||
| Dibilio (2017) | “BTS G-WALK” (BTW Bioengineering S.p.A., Italy): accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope | Usual walka | Waist belt, L4/L5 | 2 |
Total iTUG duration 6 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, turn 2, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to evaluate L-dopa effects on gait parameters in PwPD disease in OFF and ON state |
| Miller Koop (2018) | “iPad” (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA), custom application (Cleveland-Clinic-Mobility and Balance application, CC-MB): accelerometer, gyroscope | Safe and comfortable speeda | Band, lumbar spine | 2 |
total iTUG duration 4 segments: sit-to-stand, walk total, turn 1, turn to sit |
iTUG was used to detect differences in performance of PwPD ON and OFF medication within the segments of iTUG |
| Orthopedic conditions—elective surgery | ||||||
| Bloomfield (2019) | “iPod Touch” (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA), inertial sensors (MetaMotionR, MBientLab, San Francisco, CA, USA): accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope | Normal speeda | Above and below each knee | 3 |
Total iTUG duration 5 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to examine influence of functional parameters on postoperative outcomes after total knee replacement |
| Perelgut (2020) | Authors refer to Bloomfield (2019) | Total iTUG duration | iTUG was used to evaluate changes in clinical function after hip replacement surgery | |||
| Exercise and rehabilitation interventions in different settings and populations | ||||||
| Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD) | ||||||
| Flood (2020) | “Trigno” (Delsys Inc., Natick, MA, USA): accelerometer | Comfortable and natural speeda | L5, above rectus femoris (thighs) and tibialis anterior (shins) | 2 | Total iTUG duration | iTUG was used to examine motor function of PwPD following LSVT-BIG® therapy |
| Mollinedo-Cardalda (2018) | “Wiva®” sensor: (LetSense SRL, Bologna, Italy): accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope | As fast as possible (no running)a | L4/L5 | 3 (1 practice trial fol-lowed by 2 repetitions of the TUG)a |
Total iTUG duration 5 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, turn 2 |
iTUG was used to evaluate the effects of a mat Pilates program on dynamic balance in PwPD |
| Picardi (2020) | Intertial measurement unit (mHT-mHealth Technologies, Bologna, Italy): accelerometer, gyroscope | Preferred speed | Lower back | 5 | Total iTUG duration | iTUG was used to examine its validity as balance measure and responsiveness to rehabilitation in PwPD |
| Participants recruited in outpatient settings | ||||||
| Smith (2021) | “Kinesis QTUGTM” instrument (Kinesis Health Technologies, Dublin, Ireland): accelerometer, gyroscope | As fast as possible | Elastic bandages, anterior tibia (shins) | 1a |
Total iTUG duration 5 segments: sit-to-stand, walk total, walk 1, turn 1, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to examine its responsiveness, minimum detectable change (MDC) and observed effect size after a structured community exercise program |
| Celletti (2020) | “G-Sensor” (BTS SpA, Milan, Italy): accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope | Habitual speeda | Elastic belt, L5 | 3a |
Total iTUG duration 5 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to evaluate functional improvement after back school therapy |
| Doheny (2013) | Inertial sensors (Shimmer Research, Dublin, Ireland): accelerometer, gyroscope | As fast as possiblea | L4: double-sided tape, tibial tuberosity: velcro straps | 6 (1 practice trial followed by 6 repetitions of the TUG test with 1 min rest between repetitions) |
Total iTUG duration 4 segments: sit-to-stand, walk to sit, turn 2, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to evaluate functional mobility after step exercise program |
| Williams (2021) | Miniature balance sensor device (THETAmetrix, Portsmouth, UK): accelerometer, gyroscope | No specific instructiona | Elasticated strap, lower back | 1 | 4 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2 | iTUG was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a Tai Chi intervention in people with dementia |
| Participants recruited in inpatient and institutionalized settings | ||||||
| Caronni (2019) | Inertial measurement unit (mHT-mHealth Technologies, Bologna, Italy): accelerometer, gyroscope | Comfortable speed | Lower trunk | 5 |
Total iTUG duration 5 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, turn and sit |
iTUG was used to evaluate the responsiveness to rehabilitation of balance, gait and sensory ataxia measures in elderly with peripheral neuropathy of the lower limbs |
| Cancela Carral (2017) | “Wiva®” sensor: (LetSense SRL, Bologna, Italy): accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope | As fast as possiblea | L4/L5 | 2 (with 3 min rest period)a |
Total iTUG duration 5 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to evaluate the effects of three chair-based exercise programs on strength, balance, functional mobility |
| Cancela Carral (2019) | “Wiva®” sensor: (LetSense SRL, Bologna, Italy): accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope | As fast as possiblea | L4/L5 | 2 (with 3 min rest period)a |
Total iTUG duration 5 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, stand-to-sit |
iTUG was used to evaluate the effects of a strength training program on functional capacity |
| Assistive devices | ||||||
| Toosizadeh (2020) | “LEGSys “ (BioSensics, Boston, MA, USA): gyroscope | Self-selected normal speeda | Anterior tibiae (shins) | 3 (1 practice trial, 1 without vibration, 1 at 30 Hz, 1 at 40 Hz) |
Total iTUG duration 5 segments: sit-to-stand, walk 1, turn 1, walk 2, turn and sit |
iTUG was used to evaluate the effect of calf muscle vibration stimulation on dynamic balance |
| Yalla (2014) | “BalanSens™” (BioSensics LLC, Boston, USA): accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope | Habitual speeda | Lower back: waist belt, anterior tibiae (shins), thighs: velcro bands | 2 trials for each footwear conditiona | Total iTUG duration | iTUG was used to evaluate the effect of ankle foot orthoses on postural stability |