Table 3.
Pre-post differences within groups reported for iTUG total duration
| Author (Year) | Compared groups/conditions | Pre-intervention: mean total iTUG duration (sec; ± SD) | Post-intervention: mean total iTUG duration post (sec; ± SD) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (PwiNPH) – surgical and invasive procedures | ||||||||
| Ferrari (2020)a,c | Before tap-test | 24 h after tap-test | 72 h after tap-test | |||||
| Tap-test “pure” (p-iNPH) (n = 45) | 17 (median) | 16 (median) | 15 (median) | |||||
| Tap-test “secondary” (s-NPH) (n = 20) | 22 (median) | 20 (median) | 18.5 (median) | |||||
| Ferrari (2022)c | Tap-test and ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery (n = 42) |
Before tap-test 24.1 ± 15.7 |
72 h after tap-test 19.5 ± 8.1 |
6 months after shunt 16.4 ± 5.5** |
||||
| Yamada (2019)a | Before tap-test | 24 h after tap-test | 96 h after tap-test | |||||
| Tap-test positive (n = 28) | 23.8 ± 15.8 | 18.3 ± 10.2 | 15.1 ± 7.7 | |||||
| Tap-test negative (n = 8) | 16.4 ± 6.8 | 18.0 ± 10.0 | 16.4 ± 7.6 | |||||
| Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery (n = 18, of those who were diagnosed tap-test-positive) | 17.4 ± 5.0 |
After shunt 11.8 ± 3.1 |
||||||
| Ishikawa (2019) | Before tap-test | N/A (no data for iTUG total duration changes available, data for single iTUG segments: see Table 4) | ||||||
| IG: tap-test/ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery (n = 32) | 19.4 ± 9.4 | |||||||
| CG: activity program (n = 87) | 12.5 ± 4.1 | |||||||
| Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD)—pharmacological intervention | ||||||||
| Dibilio (2017) | Medication off vs. on (n = 28) | Off: 20.2 ± 12.6 | On: 15.4 ± 5.2* | |||||
| Miller Koop (2018) | Medication off vs. on (n = 20) | Off: 8.2 ± 2.3 (median ± interquartile Range) | On: 7.4 ± 1.9* (median ± interquartile range) | |||||
| Orthopedic conditions—elective surgery | ||||||||
| Bloomfield (2019) | Before surgery | Baseline vs. 2w after surgery | Baseline vs. 6w after surgery | Baseline vs. 12w after surgery | ||||
| Total knee replacement, moderate function (n = 46) | 12.6 ± 2.4 | 21.8b,** | 13b | 11.7b | ||||
| Total knee replacement, low function (n = 22) | 21.6 ± 5.7 | 29.2b | 18.7b | 16.7b,** | ||||
| Perelgut (2020) | Before surgery | 2w after surgery | 52w after surgery | |||||
| Total hip replacement, collared stem (n = 23) | 13.0 ± 4.2c | 16.3b | 11.2b,** | |||||
| Total hip replacement, collarless stem (n = 26) | 13.4 ± 3.1c | 15.6b | 10.9b,** | |||||
| Exercise and rehabilitation interventions in different settings and populations | ||||||||
| Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD) | ||||||||
| Flood (2020)c | Before intervention | 2w after intervention | 8w after intervention | 13w after intervention | ||||
| IG: PwPD, LSVT-BIG® therapy (n = 12) | 9.4 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.5** | ||||
| CG1: PwPD, no therapy (n = 8) | 11.9 | N/A (CG1 and CG2 were only measured at baseline) | ||||||
| CG2: healthy controls (n = 14) | 8.5 | |||||||
| Mollinedo-Cardalda (2018) | Before intervention | End of intervention | 4 weeks after intervention | |||||
| IG: PwPD, mat pilates program (n = 12) | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 7.8 ± 2.8** | 7.8 ± 5.6 | |||||
| CG: PwPD, calisthenics exercises (n = 10) | 9.1 ± 2.7 | 9.2 ± 2.5 | 9.6 ± 1.4 | |||||
| Picardi (2020) | PwPD, inpatient rehabilitation (physiotherapy, occupational therapy) (n = 20) |
Beginning of inpatient stay 15.8 ± 4.3 |
End of inpatient stay 14.1 ± 4.2* |
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| Participants recruited in outpatient settings | ||||||||
| Smith (2021) | Older people, “Better Bones” exercise program (n = 54) |
Before intervention 6.3 ± 1.4 |
After intervention 5.8 ± 1.1** |
|||||
| Celletti (2020) | Low back pain, back school (n = 44) |
Before intervention 13.4 ± 3.9 |
After intervention 11.3 ± 2.2** |
|||||
| Doheny (2013) | Healthy sedentary, step exercise (n = 33) |
9.2 ± 1.2 (T1 = baseline); 8.8 ± 11.1 (T2 = 4w after T1, before start of intervention) |
After intervention (T3) 8.9 ± 1.3 |
|||||
| Williams (2021) | IG: dementia, Tai Chi (n = 33) | N/A (no data for iTUG total duration changes available, data for single iTUG segments available, see Table 4) | ||||||
| CG: dementia, usual care (n = 34) | ||||||||
| Participants recruited in inpatient and institutionalized settings | ||||||||
| Caronni (2019) | Peripheral neuropathy lower limbs, inpatient physiotherapy/occupational therapy rehabilitation (n = 25) |
Before rehabilitation 18.7 ± 7.8 |
End of rehabilitation 15.1 ± 5.2** |
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| Cancela Carral (2017) | 80 + years | Before intervention | 1w after intervention | |||||
| Aerobic exercise (n = 13) | 30.3 ± 21.4 | 26.6 ± 20.3 | ||||||
| Muscle resistance exercise (n = 12) | 29.1 ± 5.4 | 24.2 ± 8.4 | ||||||
| Joint mobility exercise (n = 11) | 30.3 ± 11.9 | 33.2 ± 13.6 | ||||||
| Cancela Carral (2019) | 85 + years | Before intervention | Last week of intervention | |||||
| Strength program (n = 11) | 28.1 ± 10.0 | 27.7 ± 11.6 | ||||||
| Control group (n = 13) | 35.1 ± 11.6 | 38.6 ± 15.4* | ||||||
| Assistive devices | ||||||||
| Toosizadeh (2020)a | Older people | No calf vibration | 30 Hz | 40 Hz | ||||
| Vibratory stimulation, moderate function (n = 10) | 11.3 ± 2.8 | 12.5b | 12.9b | |||||
| Vibratory stimulation, low function (n = 10): | 24.0 ± 10.0 | 23.3b | 23.5b | |||||
| Yalla (2014) | Older people, ankle foot orthosis (n = 30) |
Shoe alone 13.8 ± 0.6 |
Shoe + ankle foot orthosis 14.1 ± 0.7 |
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IG intervention group, N/A data not available, p-iNPH idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus with pure hydrocephalus, s-NPH secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus, LSVT-BIG® Lee Silverman Voice Treatment, w weeks
*p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared to baseline
asignificance of pre-post differences not reported
bCalculated by the authors of this review
cInformation received on request from the authors of the respective article, CG = control group