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. 2024 Apr 28;13:98. doi: 10.1038/s41377-024-01420-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Printing and holographic images are shown through MCP metasurface when incident beams are plane and OAM waves with specific wavelengths. b The evolution of OAM manipulation based on metasurfaces can be divided into three parts: phase-only metasurface, complex-amplitude metasurface, and multi-wavelengths complex-amplitude metasurface. n and m, respectively, represent the number of topological charges and wavelengths. The data dimensions increase with the evolution path. c The illustration of the MCP metasurfaces, including the SEM image and diagram of MCP. The scale bar represents 500 nm and the blocks with different colors represent the nanopillars with different sizes