Specific rates of product formation during batch fermentations of C. cellulolyticum. The initial cellulose concentrations were 179.6 mM (i.e., 29.1 g liter−1) (a and b) and 24.1 mM (i.e., 3.9 g liter−1) (c and d). ■, ○, ▴, ●, □, and ▵, specific rates of ethanol, acetate, lactate, H2, CO2, and extracellular pyruvate formation, respectively.