Table 2.

Emerging therapeutic strategies for alleviation of obesity-related BBB dysfunction

Therapeutic strategies	Protective effects and mechanisms in obesity-induced BBB dysfunction	References
Palmitoylethanolamide	Decreases BBB permeability; Restores tight junction transcription. Attenuates hypothalamic injury; Reduces the systemic inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, etc.).	[84]
Adora2a antagonism	Decreases BBB permeability.	[79]
Topiramate	Decreases BBB permeability; Increases expression of TJs (ZO-1, Claudin-12); Inhibits oxidative stress.	[72]
Dapsone	Decreases brain microvascular leakage; Protects TJs (ZO-1, Claudin-5, Occludin); Reduces lysosome accumulation in cerebral microvessels.	[77]
Nicotine	Decreases BBB permeability.	[73]
Resveratrol	Protects against breakage of the BBB; Reduces the disruption of polymerization of TJs (ZO-1, Occludin).	[74]
Nutraceutical agents	Decreases the BBB damaging effect; Reduces oxidative stress and neurovascular inflammation.	[75]