Table 2.
Patient characteristics and cognitive functioning at baseline.
| Surgery (n = 23)a n (%) or mean (SD) | Intensive non-surgical treatment (n = 23)a n (%) or mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | ||
| Female | 17 (74%) | 17 (74%) |
| Male | 6 (26%) | 6 (26%) |
| Age, years | 15.6 (1.1) | 16.0 (0.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 43.1 (5.2) | 42.5 (5.6) |
| General cognitive functioning | ||
| Estimated IQ | 89.39 (14.31) | 79.52 (16.73) |
| Vocabulary WISC-IVb scaled score | 6.85 (3.29; n = 13) | 3.70 (3.50; n = 10) |
| Vocabulary WAIS-IVb scaled score | 8.50 (2.42; n = 10) | 6.92 (1.66; n = 13) |
| Matrix reasoning WISC-IVb scaled score | 9.14 (2.51; n = 14) | 7.46 (4.37; n = 13) |
| Matrix reasoning WAIS-IVb scaled score | 9.11 (3.06; n = 9) | 8.60 (1.08; n = 10) |
| Digit span WISC-IVb total scaled score | 8.23 (2.28; n = 13) | 6.30 (3.34; n = 10) |
| Digit span WAIS-IVb total scaled score | 9.40 (2.46; n = 10) | 8.25 (2.49; n = 12) |
| Coding WISC-IVb scaled score | 8.08 (2.87; n = 13) | 5.40 (3.44; n = 10) |
| Coding WAIS-IVb scaled score | 8.70 (2.41; n = 10) | 8.46 (1.85; n = 13) |
| Verbal memory | ||
| Immediate recall NEPSY-II raw score | 55.52 (10.17) | 52.70 (9.35) |
| Delayed recall NEPSY-II raw score | 11.70 (3.02) | 11.57 (2.21) |
| Executive functioning | ||
| Verbal fluency | ||
| Letter fluency D-KEFS scaled score | 10.57 (4.21) | 7.70 (3.24) |
| Category fluency D-KEFS scaled score | 11.83 (4.52) | 8.87 (3.05) |
| Category switching D-KEFS scaled score | 10.39 (3.27) | 9.87 (3.61) |
| Trail making test | ||
| Visual scanning D-KEFS scaled score | 8.61 (3.12) | 8.91 (2.61) |
| Number sequencing D-KEFS scaled score | 8.96 (3.28) | 7.96 (3.70) |
| Letter sequencing D-KEFS scaled score | 8.68 (3.58; n = 22) | 5.52 (4.07) |
| Number-letter switching D-KEFS scaled score | 8.05 (3.47; n = 22) | 6.17 (2.93) |
| Motor speed D-KEFS scaled score | 7.30 (3.71) | 4.96 (4.10) |
| Colour-word interference test | ||
| Colour naming D-KEFS scaled score | 6.17 (2.23) | 6.09 (3.13) |
| Word reading D-KEFS scaled score | 7.30 (2.72) | 6.91 (2.70) |
| Inhibition D-KEFS scaled score | 7.78 (2.61) | 6.86 (2.71; n = 22) |
| Inhibition/Switching D-KEFS scaled score | 7.17 (2.86) | 7.52 (3.64) |
| Mazes | ||
| Elithorn mazes WISC-IV integrated raw score | 34.60 (10.27; n = 20) | 29.91 (11.61; n = 22) |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; IQ, intelligence quotient; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; NEPSY-II, A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment; D-KEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System.
a
N = 23 except where noted.
b
Participants were either assessed with WISC-IV (<16:0; n = 23), or WAIS-IV (≥16:0; n = 23). As the stimulus book for Matrix Reasoning from WAIS-IV was not available in the beginning at one centre, 4 participants completed 3 subtests with WAIS-IV and Matrix Reasoning with WISC-IV at baseline. Scaled scores have a mean of 10 and a standard deviation [SD] of ±3; range 1–19.