Table 2.

Barriers to the use of microRNAs in clinical practice

High exam cost

Better definition of miRNAs as diagnostic markers in IBD (differentiation between UC and CD and diagnosis of disease activity)

Few validation studies of miRNAs as blood, fecal, and endoscopic biomarkers

Better definition of the differences between the expression of fecal, blood, and tissue miRNAs

Lack of evidence validating miRNAs as a tool for evaluating mucosal healing

Lack of evidence validating miRNAs as a tool for evaluating histological remission

Lack of evidence validating miRNAs predictors of clinical and endoscopic responses

Lack of evidence validating miRNAs in treatment monitoring

Lack of evidence validating miRNAs as predictors of severe disease

Insufficient data on the role of miRNAs in modulating the inflammatory response

Insufficient data on the effects of miRNAs on the intestinal barrier, intestinal microbiota, and the response to probiotics

CD: Crohn’s disease; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; miRNA: microRNA; UC: Ulcerative colitis.