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. 2023 Jul 17;1(1):5. doi: 10.1038/s44259-023-00007-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A global regulator of stress response circuitry is the molecular chaperone Hsp90. Hsp90 stabilizes key cell wall and membrane integrity regulators including the protein phosphatase calcineurin, PKC-MAPK pathway members, as well as other clients that remain to be identified. Hsp90 is subject to negative regulation by casein kinase 2 (CK2) and positive regulation by lysine deacetylases (KDACs). In addition to KDACs, lysine acetyltransferases such as Gcn5 have been implicated in antifungal-induced stress. Additional modulators of cell wall integrity include the casein kinase 1 (CK1) family members, Yck2 and Hrr25, with the latter kinase also serving as a regulator of cell membrane homoeostasis. Downstream of both Hrr25 and the PKC-MAPK cascade is the SBF transcription factor (Swi4/Swi6), which is an important mediator of both cell wall and membrane integrity. There are also several additional elusive factors that remain to be identified.