Table 2.

Parental and neonatal characteristics by junk food consumption by 9 and 12 months.

	Feeding habits by 9 months			Feeding habits by 12 months
	Did not consume junk food	Consumed junk food	p value†	Did not consume junk food	Consumed junk food	p value†
Study participant characteristics
Birth weight (g), M ± SD	3,173 ± 510	3,153 ± 545	0.20	3,193 ± 494	3,149 ± 542	0.03
Female, n (%)	260 (50)	278 (51)	0.59	156 (48)	382 (52)	0.34
Exclusively breastfed at 6 months, n (%)	322 (62)	210 (39)	<0.01	240 (75)	292 (39)	<0.01
Prematurity, n (%)	22 (4)	39 (7)	0.03	10 (3)	51 (7)	0.01
Vitamin supplements, n (%)	148 (28)	276 (51)	<0.01	53 (16)	371 (50)	<0.01
Parental characteristics
Maternal BMI, M ± SD	22.7 ± 4.0	23.7 ± 4.4	<0.01	21.9 ± 3.5	23.8 ± 4.3	<0.01
Number of living children, M ± SD	3.0 ± 1.9	3.0 ± 2.0	0.22	3.0 ± 1.8	3.0 ± 2.0	0.34
1–2, n (%)	243 (47)	266 (49)	0.15	148 (46)	361 (49)	0.57
3–4, n (%)	181 (35)	158 (29)		110 (34)	229 (31)
≥5, n (%)	98 (19)	116 (21)		64 (20)	150 (20)
Mother employed, n (%)	38 (7)	56 (10)	0.08	14 (4)	80 (11)	<0.01
Maternal education (years), M ± SD	4.2 ± 3.9	5.8 ± 3.9	<0.01	3.4 ± 3.5	5.7 ± 4.0	<0.01
0, n (%)	145 (28)	93 (17)	<0.01	111 (34)	127 (17)	<0.01
1–7, n (%)	267 (51)	261 (48)		167 (52)	361 (49)
≥8, n (%)	110 (21)	186 (34)		44 (14)	252 (34)
Paternal education (years), M ± SD	6.8 ± 3.8	7.0 ± 4.0	0.19	6.6 ± 3.6	7.0 ± 4.1	0.02
0, n (%)	49 (9)	70 (13)	0.01	26 (8)	93 (13)	<0.01
1–7, n (%)	252 (48)	215 (40)		172 (53)	295 (40)
≥8, n (%)	221 (42)	255 (47)		124 (39)	352 (48)
SES composite score, M ± SD	−1.2 ± 3.1	1.0 ± 2.2	<0.01	−2.4 ± 2.9	1.0 ± 2.3	<0.01
Low (≤−1.3), n (%)	273 (52)	79 (15)	<0.01	236 (73)	116 (16)	<0.01
Medium (−1.3 < SES < 2.8), n (%)	157 (30)	310 (57)		47 (15)	420 (57)
High (≥2.8), n (%)	92 (18)	151 (28)		39 (12)	204 (28)

^†Differences in categorical characteristics tested for by chi-square and differences in continuous variables tested using Student’s t-test.

SES (Socioeconomic Status).