Table 4.
Potential predictors for junk food consumption by 9 months.
| Unadjusted | Adjusted – Full Model† | Adjusted - Reduced model‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Relative Risks (95% CI) | p value | Relative Risks (95% CI) | p value | Relative Risks (95% CI) | p value |
| Site | ||||||
| DRC | REF | REF | REF | |||
| Zambia | 8.84 (4.65,16.79) | <0.01 | 9.18 (4.60,18.32) | <0.01 | 9.08 (4.89,16.86) | <0.01 |
| Guatemala | 6.78 (3.55,12.94) | <0.01 | 6.25 (3.12,12.54) | <0.01 | 6.95 (3.72,12.96) | <0.01 |
| Pakistan | 9.12 (4.79,17.33) | <0.01 | 8.03 (4.02,16.03) | <0.01 | 9.24 (4.97,17.18) | <0.01 |
| Birthweight | 0.98 (0.89,1.09) | 0.75 | 1.00 (0.91,1.11) | 0.95 | --- | --- |
| Female | 1.03 (0.93,1.14) | 0.54 | 0.99 (0.88,1.11) | 0.89 | --- | --- |
| Exclusively breastfed at 6 months | 0.83 (0.68,1.00) | 0.05 | 0.90 (0.70,1.17) | 0.43 | --- | --- |
| Prematurity | 1.14 (0.91,1.41) | 0.25 | 1.15 (0.93,1.44) | 0.20 | --- | --- |
| Vitamin supplements | 1.11 (0.94,1.32) | 0.21 | 0.94 (0.76,1.15) | 0.52 | --- | --- |
| Number of living children | ||||||
| 1–2 | 1.02 (0.87,1.20) | 0.77 | --- | --- | 1.00 (0.85,1.17) | 0.96 |
| 3–4 | 0.89 (0.75,1.06) | 0.20 | --- | --- | 0.88 (0.75,1.04) | 0.13 |
| ≥5 | REF | --- | --- | REF | ||
| Maternal BMI | 0.99 (0.97,1.01) | 0.41 | --- | --- | 0.99 (0.98,1.01) | 0.22 |
| DRC | --- | --- | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.78 | --- | --- |
| Zambia | --- | --- | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.34 | --- | --- |
| Guatemala | --- | --- | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.05 | --- | --- |
| Pakistan | --- | --- | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | <0.01 | --- | --- |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 (0.83,1.19) | 0.96 | 0.99 (0.81,1.22) | 0.95 | --- | --- |
| 1–7 | 1.03 (0.87,1.22) | 0.74 | 1.08 (0.92,1.26) | 0.34 | --- | --- |
| ≥8 | REF | REF | --- | --- | ||
| Paternal education | ||||||
| 0 | 1.01 (0.85,1.18) | 0.95 | 0.98 (0.78,1.21) | 0.82 | --- | --- |
| 1–7 | 1.00 (0.91,1.11) | 0.95 | 0.99 (0.88,1.12) | 0.87 | --- | --- |
| ≥8 | REF | REF | --- | --- | ||
| SES | ||||||
| Low (≤−1.3) | 0.74 (0.51,1.09) | 1.01 (0.77,1.33) | 0.95 | --- | --- | |
| Medium (−1.3 < SES < 2.8) | 1.05 (0.92,1.19) | 1.06 (0.92,1.21) | 0.43 | --- | --- | |
| High (≥2.8) | REF | REF | --- | --- | ||
†Relative risks were estimated using a Poisson regression model with robust variance estimators and included potential predictors of birthweight, sex, exclusively breastfed at 6 months, prematurity, vitamin supplements, number of living children, maternal BMI, maternal education, paternal education, and SES (Socioeconomic Status) while controlling for site (DRC, Zambia, Guatemala, Pakistan) and intervention. Tests of whether the association between each potential predictor and the outcome differed by site were conducted. Interactions with site were significant for maternal BMI (p = 0.04); adjusted relative risks are shown by site for these measures.
‡Stepwise selection was used to narrow down the number of potential predictors in the model. A significance level of 0.30 was required to allow a variable into the model, and a significance level of 0.35 was required for the variable to stay in the model. Relative risks were estimated using a Poisson regression model with robust variance estimators and included the following potential predictors after stepwise selection: number of living children, maternal BMI, site and intervention. Tests of whether the association between each potential predictor and the outcome differed by site were conducted; none were significant.