Table 6.

Unadjusted and adjusted means for Bayley Scales of Infant Development measures at 18 months.

			Mental Developmental Index (MDI)			Physical Developmental Index (PDI)
Measures		N †	Mean ± SD (unadjusted)	Mean (adjusted)‡	p value‡	Mean ± SD (unadjusted)	Mean (adjusted)‡	p value‡
Exclusively breastfed at 6 months	Yes	269	97.74 ± 10.61	92.02	0.24	100.55 ± 11.12	96.25	0.02
	No	495	93.38 ± 9.14	93.62		99.37 ± 10.27	99.78
SES tercile	Low	81	97.51 ± 11.11	91.39	0.20	100.70 ± 10.53	96.60	0.24
	Medium	443	94.75 ± 10.28	92.92		99.39 ± 11.06	98.07
	High	240	94.34 ± 8.57	94.14		100.20 ± 9.68	99.37
Cookies
9 months	Yes	325	95.24 ± 10.06	93.48	0.15	100.77 ± 10.14	98.95	0.06
	No	439	94.67 ± 9.78	92.35		99.05 ± 10.85	97.35
12 months	Yes	489	95.26 ± 10.08	93.37	0.06	100.32 ± 10.53	---	---
	No	275	94.29 ± 9.55	91.88		98.84 ± 10.64	---
Zambia	Yes	131	---	---	---	103.51 ± 9.41	104.50	0.01
	No	100	---	---		100.49 ± 10.46	100.96
Guatemala	Yes	130	---	---	---	95.59 ± 12.24	92.36	0.33
	No	133	---	---		96.79 ± 11.30	93.59
Pakistan	Yes	228	---	---	---	101.18 ± 9.11	98.24	0.99
	No	42	---	---		101.38 ± 7.37	98.23
Candy
9 months	Yes	43	97.14 ± 10.67	94.28	0.33	100.21 ± 9.95	98.43	0.80
	No	721	94.78 ± 9.84	92.77		99.76 ± 10.63	98.00
12 months	Yes	105	95.13 ± 9.39	92.74	0.93	99.07 ± 10.82	97.27	0.46
	No	659	94.88 ± 9.98	92.83		99.90 ± 10.55	98.14
Salty snacks
9 months	Yes	181	95.46 ± 10.61	91.65	0.10	100.93 ± 10.85	97.50	0.51
	No	583	94.74 ± 9.66	93.20		99.43 ± 10.49	98.17
12 months	Yes	346	95.71 ± 10.34	92.49	0.45	100.86 ± 9.94	97.86	0.75
	No	418	94.24 ± 9.47	93.13		98.89 ± 11.02	98.15
Sweet drinks
9 months	Yes	210	96.07 ± 9.94	93.1	0.63	99.04 ± 11.64	97.48	0.39
	No	554	94.48 ± 9.85	92.69		100.07 ± 10.15	98.27
12 months	Yes	367	95.42 ± 10.19	92.66	0.68	99.12 ± 10.91	97.82	0.64
	No	397	94.45 ± 9.61	93.01		100.40 ± 10.25	98.24
Junk food
9 months	Yes	501	95.09 ± 9.87	92.91	0.70	100.13 ± 10.69	98.22	0.45
	No	263	94.57 ± 9.96	92.62		99.14 ± 10.36	97.59
12 months	Yes	677	95.02 ± 10.02	92.85	0.71	99.89 ± 10.57	98.02	0.94
	No	87	94.01 ± 8.87	92.42		98.98 ± 10.70	97.92

^†Numbers are among the 1,042 children with non-missing BSID-II scores. BSID-II scores were missing for 17/1062 (1.6%) children [Zambia: 12/246 (4.9%); Guatemala: 3/267 (1.1%); Pakistan: 2/278 (1.0%)]. SES (Socioeconomic Status).

^‡BSID-II means were estimated using linear models fit to each Bayley index score. Models for each junk food type adjust for SES, site (Zambia, Guatemala, Pakistan), intervention group, sex, exclusively breastfed first 6 months, birth weight, preterm status, vitamin supplementation, maternal BMI, maternal education level, and number of living children. Tests of whether the association between measure and outcome differed by site were conducted. Interaction with site was significant for cookie consumption at 12 months (p = 0.04); PDI score means are shown by site for this measure. The models for exclusively breastfed first 6 months and SES only adjust all factors excluding junk food intake.