TABLE 3.
Associations between air pollution variables and mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD), n=208 998) and all incident CVD (n=199 577), stratified by smoking status
| Individuals (n) | Outcomes (n) | Hazard ratio# (95% CI) | |||
| PM10 | PM2.5 | NO2 | |||
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Never-smokers | 145 776 | 2267 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) |
| Ever-smokers | 63 222 | 1975 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) |
| CVD mortality | |||||
| Never-smokers | 145 776 | 286 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) |
| Ever-smokers | 63 222 | 362 | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) |
| All incident CVD | |||||
| Never-smokers | 141 055 | 5743 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) |
| Ever-smokers | 58 522 | 4180 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) |
PM10: particulate matter <10 µm; PM2.5: particulate matter <2.5 µm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide. #: hazard ratios are per interquartile range increase for the air pollution measure (see table 1). Adjustments were as described in the Statistical analysis section of the Methods.