Table 3. Healthcare-seeking and characteristics reported by adults 15 years and older.

“Original” refers to the serosurvey carried out in April—June 2022 in Ndola and Choma districts, Zambia, using stratified multi-stage clustering design. “Missed” refers to the study sample from the follow-up missed population study, carried out in a subset of clusters of the original survey between July—August 2022. This study was carried out in a subsample of clusters from the original survey; in each selected cluster, a sample of households not available during listing of the original serosurvey, and hence excluded from its sampling frame, were randomly selected.

Characteristic	Ndola			Choma			Multivariable OR; p-value3
	Original, N = 1861	Missed, N = 3671	p-value2	Original, N = 3471	Missed, N = 3051	p-value2
District (Ref: Ndola)							0.073; p<0.001
Household-level characteristics
Male-headed household	66%	62%	0.39	71%	64%	0.057	0.737; p = 0.039
Wealth score4	2.00 (1.07)	1.32 (1.21)	<0.001	-1.36 (2.72)	-1.57 (2.80)	0.005	0.602; p<0.001
Number of people in household4	5 (2)	4 (3)	<0.001	5 (3)	4 (3)	<0.001	0.858; p<0.001
Male respondent	29%	46%	<0.001	83%	64%	<0.001	1.776; p<0.001
Health care seeking at Choma General Hospital or Ndola Teaching Hospital
Would seek care at referral-level health facility 5			0.001			<0.001
Don’t know	0.5%	0%		0%	0%
No	6.5%	1.4%		12%	4%
Yes	93%	99%		88%	96%
Way to travel to referral-level health facility			0.29			<0.001
Private motorized transport (e.g., personal car or scooter)	6.5%	6.5%		2.3%	9.2%
Public motorized transport (e.g., bus, taxi)	90%	92%		72%	59%
Walk	2.7%	1.9%		22%	28%
Bicycle				3.5%	3.6%
Other	1.1%	0%		0.9%	0.3%
Travel time to referral-level health facility6			0.53			<0.001
Less than 30 mins	12%	13%		16%	25%
30 mins—less than 1 hr	43%	42%		14%	22%
1 hr—less than 2 hrs	37%	40%		24%	23%
2 hrs—less than 3 hrs	7.9%	4.4%		26%	13%
3 or more hours	0.6%	0.6%		19%	14%
General healthcare seeking
Money not a big barrier for health care seeking	31%	48%	<0.001	32%	12%	0.001	1.203; p = 0.265
Distance not a big problem for health care seeking	64%	83%	<0.001	40%	48%	0.00

¹%.

²Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test.

³In multivariable model, the following covariates were included: District, male sex, male-headed household, wealth score, number of people in household, money not a big problem for seeking healthcare. Full results are presented in S3 Appendix.

⁴Mean (SD).

⁵Choma General Hospital for respondents in Choma District or Ndola Teaching Hospital for respondents in Ndola District.

⁶Excludes “Don’t know” responses.