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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Immunol. 2023 Nov 9;44(12):965–970. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2023.10.009

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(A) A traditional framework for macrophage activation defines M1 and M2 at extreme ends of a spectrum of macrophage states. (B) By contrast, a systems biology view can reframe macrophage activation in response to defined stimuli as a set of interacting intracellular and extracellular network motifs that regulate distinct functions. Macrophage states might be defined as combinatorial sets of functions that can more flexibly describe diversity in different contexts. Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TF, transcription factor.