Table 1.
Characteristics of participants studied at the 27-year follow-up of the Raine Study.
| Variable | Men (n = 479) | Women(n = 499) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 26.7 ± 0.4 | 26.7 ± 0.4 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 5.0 | 25.5 ± 6.2 | |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 89.1 ± 13.8 | 81.0 ± 15.2a | |
| Waist/height | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 0.48 ± 0.09 | |
| Skinfolds | Subscapular (mm) | 17.4 ± 8.6 | 19.6 ± 9.3a |
| Abdominal (mm) | 24.1 ± 10.7 | 23.7 ± 9.5 | |
| Suprailiac (mm) | 20.3 ± 10.6 | 21.6 ± 10.0c | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 119.1 ± 9.2 | 109.6 ± 9.1a | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 65.8 ± 6.4 | 64.8 ± 6.8c | |
| Metabolic Syndrome (%) | 9.2 | 4.3a | |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.78 ± 0.89 | 4.86 ± 0.82 | |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.30 ± 0.30 | 1.60 ± 0.38a | |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.99 ± 0.81 | 2.82 ± 0.68a | |
| *Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.83, 0.90)a | |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6a | |
| *HOMA-IR | 1.17 (1.10, 1.23) | 1.18 (1.12, 1.24) | |
| γ glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L) | 24.7 ± 20.1 | 17.6 ± 11.6a | |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 36.9 ± 24.0 | 23.8 ± 14.4a | |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 30.7 ± 10.4 | 26.1 ± 9.9a | |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 71.0 ± 19.5 | 64.2 ± 19.1a | |
| *hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.80 (0.73, 1.12) | 1.30 (1.16, 1.46)a | |
| Leukocyte count (109/L) | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 1.9a | |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 249 ± 51 | 281 ± 63a | |
| Adiponectin (µg/ml) | 6.3 ± 3.7 | 10.0 ± 5.0a | |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 6.1 ± 10.6 | 24.7 ± 22.7a | |
| Weighted subcutaneous fat volume (cm3) | 2299 ± 1487 | 3129 ± 2092a | |
| Weighted visceral fat volume (cm3) | 1446 ± 1001 | 815 ± 620a | |
| Assessment of Lifestyle | |||
| Smoking (%) | 23.4% | 16.1%b | |
| Alcohol intake (g/wk) | 160 ± 190 | 95 ± 148a | |
| Physical activity (Mets/wk) | 3870 ± 3979 | 2539 ± 2775a | |
| Hormonal contraceptive use (%) | NA | 49.7% | |
| Erythrocyte fatty acids | |||
| Arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) % | 17.7 ± 1.4 | 17.6 ± 1.4 | |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) % | 1.03 ± 0.48 | 0.90 ± 0.36a | |
| Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3)% | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.1a | |
| Omega 3 Index | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 1.3c | |
Values are Mean ± SD or *geometric mean and 95% CI. ap < 0.001, bp < 0.01 cp < 0.05 for a sex difference.
Omega 3 index = EPA + DHA content of erythrocytes expressed as a percent of total identified fatty acids.