Table 3. Summary of clinical applications from the human studies using hyperpolarized 13C-MRI.
| Authors | N | Targets | Clinical applications | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain | ||||
| Miloushev et al., 2018 [25] | 4 | Glioma and metastasis | 1st human brain tumor study | |
| Autry et al., 2020 [26] | 8 | Infiltrative glioma | Post radio-chemotherapy follow-up | |
| Autry et al., 2021 [27] | 10 | Pediatric brain tumor | Tumor vs. normal brain, safety profile | |
| Lee et al., 2021 [28] | 11 | Intracranial metastasis | Prediction of radiotherapy response | |
| Chen et al., 2021 [29] | 3 | Glioblastoma | Tumor vs. normal brain | |
| Zaccagna et al., 2022 [30] | 8 | Glioblastoma | Tumor vs. normal brain | |
| Grist et al., 2019 [31] | 4 | Normal brain | Technical feasibility in human brain | |
| Lee et al., 2020 [32] | 14 | Normal brain | Metabolite topography in human brain | |
| Hackett et al., 2020 [33] | 2 | Brain trauma | Traumatic brain injury | |
| Ma et al., 2022 [34] | 4 | Normal brain | Technical feasibility in human brain | |
| Uthayakumar et al., 2023 [35] | 35 | Brain aging | Metabolic changes in brain aging | |
| Heart and skeletal muscle | ||||
| Cunningham et al., 2016 [36] | 4 | Heart | 1st human healthy heart study | |
| Rider et al., 2020 [37] | 10 | Heart | Healthy heart vs. diabetic heart | |
| Park et al., 2020 [38] | 9 | Heart | Cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin | |
| Ma et al., 2022 [39] | 3 | Heart | End diastolic vs. end systolic | |
| Park et al., 2021 [40] | 9 | Calf skeletal muscle | Rest vs. exercise vs. recovery | |
| Body and oncology | ||||
| Woitek et al., 2020 [41] | 1 | Breast cancer | Post neoadjuvant chemotherapy follow-up | |
| Woitek et al., 2021 [42] | 7 | Breast cancer | Very early neoadjuvant chemotherapy response | |
| Tran et al., 2019 [43] | 1 | Renal cell carcinoma | Intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity | |
| Tang et al., 2021 [44] | 11 | Renal cell carcinoma | Tumor grade and histopathologic type | |
| Ursprung et al., 2022 [45] | 9 | Renal cell carcinoma | Prediction of tumor grade | |
| Lee et al., 2022 [46] | 13 | Liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen | Normal intrabdominal solid organs | |
| Stødkilde-Jørgensen et al., 2020 [47] | 2 | Pancreatic cancer | Tumor vs. normal | |
| Gordon et al., 2023 [48] | 6 | Pancreatic cancer | Tumor vs. normal, early response prediction | |
| Nelson et al., 2013 [49] | 31 | Prostate cancer | 1st human study, safety profile, tumor vs. normal | |
| Aggarwal et al., 2017 [50] | 1 | Prostate cancer | Early response for androgen deprivation therapy | |
| Chen et al., 2020 [51] | 6 | Prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant | Feasibility in bone and liver metastasis | |
| Granlund et al., 2020 [52] | 12 | Prostate cancer | Tumor grade of prostate cancer | |
| de Kouchkovsky et al., 2021 [53] | 1 | Prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant | Early immunotherapy response assessment | |
| Chen et al., 2022 [54] | 5 | Prostate cancer | Integration with MR/TRUS fusion-guided biopsy | |
| Sushentsev et al., 2022 [55] | 10 | Prostate cancer, intermediate risk | Metabolic phenotyping in intermediate risk prostate cancer | |
| Lin et al., 2024 [56] | 6 | Cervical cancer | Immune activation of spleen | |
N = number, TRUS = transrectal ultrasound