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. 2024 Apr 29;51(1):597. doi: 10.1007/s11033-024-09476-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Pathways in HNSCC cells involving growth factor receptors like TGFβ causing cell migration and invasion leading to metastasis. MKKs consist enzymes that phosphorylate and activate MAPKs, serving as intermediaries in cellular signalling pathways. MAPKs are protein kinases that regulate gene expression and cellular processes in response to extracellular stimuli through phosphorylation of target proteins. MAP3K7 is a protein kinase that activates downstream MKKs in the MAPK signalling pathway, involved in diverse cellular processes such as immune responses and inflammation. Abbreviations: TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta; TGFBR, transforming growth factor beta receptor; RAS, rat sarcoma virus; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MKK, MAP kinase kinase; MAP, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAP3K7, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; NF-κΒ, nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; TFs, transcription factors; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid. Created with BioRender.com.