Table 1.

Loading protein cargo into exosomes.

Exosome origin	Protein cargo	Loading method	Application	Reference
Rat platelet	Yap1	Direct electroporation into exosomes	Rejuvenation of tendon	Lu et al.37
Breast cancer cells (MCF-7, SK-BR-3, and 4T1)	P53	Direct electroporation into exosomes	Breast cancer	Jiao et al.40
Mouse serum	DNase I	Copper-free click chemistry	ARDS (neutrophil extracellular trap [NET] inhibition and M2 polarization)	Liu et al.41
Lung epithelial cell (BEAS-2B)	CC16	Donor cell overexpression	Acute lung injury	Han et al.43
Mesenchymal stem cells	IL-27	Donor cell overexpression	Inflammatory bowel disease	Nie et al.44
Liver-circulated fluids	TM4SF5	Generation of overexpression mice	Type 2 diabetes	Jung et al.45
Primary dermal fibroblasts from BALB/c mouse	IL-4, IL-10	Donor cell overexpression	Acute lung injury	Salazar-Puerta et al.46
HEK293T	Wnt3a	Donor cell overexpression	Alveolar epithelial regeneration	Gao et al.47
HEK293T	Ovalbumin with CpG-DNA	Donor cell overexpression	Allergic rhinitis	Liu et al.48
Mesenchymal stem cell	PD-L1	Priming donor cells with TNF-α and IFN-γ	Type 1 diabetes	Wang et al.49
HK-2	TNFAIP8	Priming donor cells with TGF-β	Kidney fibrosis	Liu et al.50
Mesenchymal stem cell	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)	Donor cell overexpression	Ischemic stroke	Zhou et al.51
Immature dendritic cells	AMPKα1 dominant negative mutant	Direct transfection into exosomes	Genetic obesity	Milbank et al.52