Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Control (N=20) |
HFpEF (N=38) |
HFrEF (N=30) |
Overall p value |
Control-HFpEF P value |
Control-HFrEF P value |
HFpEF-HFrEF P value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.0043 | 0.0272 | 0.7654 | 0.0031 | |||
| Female, n (%) | 8 (40%) | 27 (71.1%) | 10 (33.3%) | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 12 (60.0%) | 11 (28.9%) | 20 (66.7%) | ||||
| Self-identified Race/Ethnicity | 0.0006 | 0.0003 | 0.0613 | 0.039 | |||
| African-American, n (%) | 1 (5.0%) | 20 (52.6%) | 8 (26.7%) | ||||
| Caucasian, n (%) | 18 (90.0%) | 17 (44.7%) | 21 (70.0%) | ||||
| Hispanic, n (%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||||
| Other, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.6%) | 1 (3.3%) | ||||
| Age, years | 58.5(53. 8, 63.0) | 64.5(56.2, 68.8) | 50(45.2, 61.8) | 0.0002 | 0.0692 | 0.0882 | <0.0001 |
| HF Hospitalization prior 12mos, n (%) | NA | 22 (59.5%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Medications | |||||||
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 5 (25.0%) | 22 (57.9%) | 20 (66.7%) | 0.0114 | 0.0263 | 0.0086 | 0.6158 |
| Beta Blocker, n (%) | 5 (25.0%) | 21 (55.3%) | 28 (93.3%) | <0.0001 | 0.0505 | <0.0001 | 0.0008 |
| Loop Diuretic, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 32 (84.2%) | 30 (100.0%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0306 |
| Past Medical History | |||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 9 (45.0%) | 35 (92.1%) | 30 (100.0%) | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2493 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2 (10.0%) | 28 (73.7%) | 9 (30.0%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.163 | 0.0005 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 1 (5.0%) | 2 (5.3%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.2511 | 1 | 0.3811 | 0.2272 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter, n (%) | 2 (10.0%) | 10 (26.3%) | 19 (63.3%) | 0.0002 | 0.1865 | 0.0003 | 0.0031 |
| Clinical Features | |||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.8(21. 7, 31.3) | 39.8(30.5, 43.4) | 26.1(23.3, 28.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.7976 | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mmHg | NA | 141.5 (127.8, 165.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| DBP, mmHg | NA | 72 (67.2, 81.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Echocardiography | |||||||
| LVEF, % | 65(60.0, 65.0) | 65(60.0, 70.0) | 17.8(10.8, 20.0) | <0.0001 | 0.5292 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LVEDD, cm | 4(3.9, 4.5) | 4.3(3.9, 4.7) | 6.8(6.1, 7.3) | <0.0001 | 0.5759 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 118(97.6, 137.8) | 91.2(67.9, 113.5) | 145.6(131.3, 157.8) | <0.0001 | 0.0103 | 0.0065 | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| NTproBNP, pg/mL | NA | 164 (47.2, 643.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | NA | 6.7 (5.9, 8.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8(0.7, 1.2) | 1.3(1.0, 1.8) | 1.1(1.0, 1.3) | 0.0062 | 0.0016 | 0.0186 | 0.4199 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 90(58.5, 106.5) | 54.5(33.0, 75.8) | 69.5(56.0, 81.8) | 0.0035 | 0.0013 | 0.1929 | 0.0326 |
| HFrEF etiology | |||||||
| Familial, (n%) | NA | NA | 6 (20.0%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Ischemic, (n%) | NA | NA | 6 (20.0%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| LV non-compaction, (n%) | NA | NA | 2 (6.7%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| NICM, (n%) | NA | NA | 15 (50.0%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sarcoidosis, (n%) | NA | NA | 1 (3.3%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Invasive Hemodynamics | |||||||
| RA, mmHg | NA | 10(7.0, 13.8) | 7(5.2, 10.5) | NA | NA | NA | 0.064 |
| PASP, mmHg | NA | 42(31.2, 51.5) | 47.5(40.2, 55.8) | NA | NA | NA | 0.1239 |
| PADP, mmHg | NA | 21.5(15.0, 25.8) | 18(15.2, 25.8) | NA | NA | NA | 0.6784 |
| PAmean, mmHg | NA | 30(21.0, 34.0) | 29.3(23.1, 34.0) | NA | NA | NA | 0.9704 |
| PAWP, mmHg | NA | 20(13.2, 23.0) | 20(16.2, 23.8) | NA | NA | NA | 0.5686 |
| CO, L/min | NA | 5.6(4.6, 6.5) | 4.1(3.2, 4.8) | NA | NA | NA | <0.0001 |
| CI, L/min/m2 | NA | 2.5(2.3, 2.7) | 2(1.8, 2.3) | NA | NA | NA | 0.0007 |
| PVR, wu | NA | 1.4(1.1, 2.2) | 1.9(1.3, 3.2) | NA | NA | NA | 0.145 |
| Trans-pulmonary gradient, mmHg | NA | 8(6.2, 11.0) | 8.7(5.8, 11.2) | NA | NA | NA | 0.8673 |
| RA/PAWP | NA | 0.5(0.4, 0.6) | 0.4(0.3, 0.6) | NA | NA | NA | 0.0249 |
| PAPI | NA | 2.1(1.4, 2.9) | 3.8(2.8, 6.0) | NA | NA | NA | 0.0011 |
Data presented as n (%) or median (25th-75th percentile). Fisher’s exact test used for categorical variables. Kruskal-Wallis test used for continuous variables with 3 groups, with Dunn’s test for pairwise comparisons. Mann-Whitney test used for continuous variables with 2 groups. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LV, left ventricle; NTproBNP, N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NICM, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy; RA, right atrial pressure; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PADP, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PAmean, mean pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure; CO, cardiac output; CI, cardiac index; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; wu, Wood units; PAPI, pulmonary artery pulsatility index; N/A, data not available for Control or HFrEF.