Table 3.
Illustrates the chemical composition of nutmeg seed extracts from different geographical regions, which were extracted using different extraction methods.
| Compound | Method of extraction | Identification method | Composition % |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myrislignan | Grenada nutmeg seed extracted by Maceration | GC–MS | 22.59 | Matulyte et al., 2019 |
| Elemicin | 13.99 | |||
| α-Phellandrene | 13.04 | |||
| Isomethyleugenol | 6.38 | |||
| β-Myrcene | 4.6 | |||
| 4-Carene, trans | 3.37 | |||
| Sylvestrene | 1.57 | |||
| Isogermacrene | 1.61 | |||
| γ-Asarone | 0.79 | |||
| Cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol | 0.43 | |||
| Myristic acid | Local market nutmeg seeds extracted by Supercritical fractioned carbon dioxide extraction |
HPLC-DAD | 79.2 % | Piras et al., 2012 |
| Myristicin | 32.8 % | |||
| Sabinene | 16.1 % | |||
| Alfa-pinene | 9.8 % | |||
| βeta-pinene | 9.4 % | |||
| Oleic acid | 7.4 % | |||
| Palmitic acid | 6.1 % | |||
| Terpinen-4-ol | 3.6 % | |||
| β-phellandrene | 4.9 % | |||
| Safrole | 4.1 % | |||
| Sabinene | Grenada nutmeg seeds extracted by Hydrodistillation |
GC–MS | 52.75 | Mickus et al., 2021 |
| α-pinene | 13.53 | |||
| D-limonene | 6.96 | |||
| α-terpinyl acetate | 5.98 | |||
| β- pinene | 3.58 | |||
| γ-terpinene | 3.31 | |||
| β- myrcene | 2.91 | |||
| α-phellandrene | 0.47 | |||
| Myristicin | 1.88 | |||
| α-thujene | 1.81 | |||
| Germacrene D | 1.00 | |||
| α-terpinene | 0.91 | |||
| α-copaene | 0.8 | |||
| 4-thujanol | 0.75 | |||
| Cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol | 0.15 | |||
| Bornyl acetate | 0.15 | |||
| α-terpinolene | 0.14 | |||
| γ-amorphene | 0.14 | |||
| Bicyclogermacrene | 0.12 | |||
| β-cubebene | 0.2 | |||
| Camphene | 0.2 | |||
| Isogermacrene D | 0.07 | |||
| β-caryophyllen | 0.07 | |||
| Cis-α-bergamotene | 0.09 | |||
| Sabinene | Indian nutmeg seeds extracted by n-hexane extraction method | GC–MS | 12.2 | Hoda et al., 2020 |
| Oleic acid | 11.7 | |||
| Hexadecanoic acid | 10.5 | |||
| Safrole | 8.1 | |||
| Elemicin | 7.8 | |||
| Linoleic acid | 6.9 | |||
| Myristicin | 6.7 | |||
| β-Pinene | 6.5 | |||
| Limonene | 4.5 | |||
| α-Pinene | 3.8 | |||
| α-Phellandrene | 1.8 | |||
| Myrcene | 1.7 | |||
| Terpinolene | 1.5 | |||
| α-Thujene | 1.4 | |||
| Methyl eugenol | 1.3 | |||
| γ-Terpinene | 1.1 | |||
| α-Terpinene | 0.8 | |||
| trans-Sabinene hydrate | 0.8 | |||
| Terpin-4-ol | 0.8 | |||
| α-Humulene | 0.7 | |||
| cis-Sabinene hydrate | 0.7 | |||
| δ-3-Carene | 0.5 | |||
| (E)-Methyl isoeugenol | 0.8 | |||
| β-Caryophyllene | 0.7 | |||
| (E)-Isoeugenol | 0.5 | |||
| (E)-Isoelemicin | 0.4 | |||
| Germacrene D | 0.4 | |||
| Ethyl hexadecanoate | 0.4 | |||
| δ-Elemene | 0.3 | |||
| α-Terpineol | 0.3 | |||
| α-Copaene | 0.3 | |||
| 13-epi-manool oxide | 0.3 | |||
| α-Fenchene | 0.3 | |||
| o-Cymene | 0.3 | |||
| 1,8-Cineole | 0.2 | |||
| Kaurene | 0.1 | |||
| 1,3,8-p-Menthatriene | trace | |||
| β-Cubebene | t | |||
| γ-Muurolene | t | |||
| Sabinene hydrate acetate | t | |||
| Eugenol | t | |||
| Camphene | t | |||
| Gamma-terpinene | Indian nutmeg seeds extracted by n-hexane extraction method | GC–MS | 1.43 | Al-Qahtani et al., 2022 |
| Thymol | 1.06 | |||
| Alpha-terpineol | 0.76 | |||
| Alfa-Copaene | 0.88 | |||
| Eugenol | 2.68 | |||
| Safrole | 2.40 | |||
| Methyl eugenol | 3.82 | |||
| Caryophyllene | 1.51 | |||
| Trans-Isoeugenol | 2.61 | |||
| Isoelemicin | 4.09 | |||
| Myristic acid | 22.25 | |||
| Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- | 2.97 | |||
| Elemicin | 24.44 | |||
| Myristicine | 13.81 | |||
| Naphthalene, | 0.91 | |||
| Methyl isoeugenol | 10.84 | |||
| Anethole | 0.95 | |||
| 3-Cyclohexe, 1-ol-4-methyl-1-(1-methyl ethyl)-(R)- | 2.92 | |||
| Cyclohexanol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cis- | 1.27 | |||
| Cyclohexanol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl ethyl)- | 0.93 | |||
| Sabinene | Nutmeg seed produced in Guangdong, China Extracted By Steam Distillation |
GCMS | 25 |
Zhang et al., 2016 |
| α-Pinene | 12.79 | |||
| 4-Terpineol | 11.54 | |||
| α-Thujene | 2.15 | |||
| Limonene | 6.87 | |||
| γ-Terpinene | 6.52 | |||
| α-Myrcena | 1.98 | |||
| α-Terpinene | 4.28 | |||
| Safrole | 3.07 | |||
| Terpinolene | 2.45 | |||
| Myristicin | 2.4 | |||
| Elimicin | 1.2 | |||
| trans-Sabinene hydrate | 0.12 | |||
| Linalool | 0.35 | |||
| Camphene | 0.27 | |||
| α-Terpineol | 0.87 | |||
| Bornyl acetate | 0.17 | |||
| trans-β-Ocimene | 0.04 | |||
| Citronellol | 0.14 | |||
| Isoeugenol | 0.09 | |||
| Methyl eugenol | 0.74 | |||
| cis-Sabinene hydrate | 0.08 | |||
| Myristicin | Indonesia nutmeg seeds extracted by 2 steps steam distillation. 12 h distilled steam without pressure and 12 h distilled steam using pressure. |
GCMS | 30.3 | Umayah & Marhaendro, 2021 |
| α.-Pinene | 12.01 | |||
| 4-Terpineol | 9.75 | |||
| β.-Pinene | 9.65 | |||
| Terpinene | 6.63 | |||
| Limonene | 4.99 | |||
| Phellandrene | 4.61 | |||
| Carene | 4.41 | |||
| Safrole | 2.76 | |||
| α.-Terpinolene | 1.99 | |||
| α.-Thujene | 1.94 | |||
| α.-Terpineol | 1.83 | |||
| β.-Myrcene | 1.82 | |||
| Eugenol | 0.92 | |||
| Isoeugenol | 0.9 | |||
| Phellandrene | 0.89 | |||
| Asarone | 0.86 | |||
| Pentylanisole | 0.77 | |||
| Neryl acetate | 0.74 | |||
| α.-Copaene | 0.64 | |||
| δ-3-Carene | 0.41 | |||
| p-Cymene | 0.39 | |||
| Methyleugenol | 0.39 | |||
| Camphene | 0.21 | |||
| α.-Terpinyl acetate | 0.19 | |||
| Myristicin | Indonesia nutmeg seeds extracted by steam distillation the extraction time was 180 min. | GC/MS and GC/FID methods, | 4.0 | Nikolic et al., 2021 |
| α-Thujene | 0.9 | |||
| α-Pinene | 5.73 | |||
| Sabinene | 42.3 | |||
| Myrcene | 2.7 | |||
| α-Phellandrene | 0.6 | |||
| δ-3-Carene | 0.6 | |||
| α-Terpinene | 1.3 | |||
| p-Cymene | 0.6 | |||
| Limonene | 6.4 | |||
| β-Phellandrene | ||||
| γ-Terpinene | 2.6 | |||
| Cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1.0 | |||
| Terpinolene | 1.2 | |||
| Linalool | 1.3 | |||
| dehydro-Sabina ketone | Trace | |||
| Terpinen-4-ol | 6.3 | |||
| α-Terpineol | 0.7 | |||
| Safrole | 1.3 | |||
| α-Copaene | 0.5 | |||
| Methyl eugenol | 8.0 | |||
| (E)-Caryophyllene | 0.7 | |||
| Germacrene D | 0.6 | |||
| (E)-Methyl isoeugenol | 3.0 | |||
| sulfonylbismethane | China nutmeg seed extracted with ETHANOL EXTRACTION | GCMS | 27.22 | Wagan et al., 2017 |
| Alpha-phellandrene | 0.13 | |||
| Delta-3-carene | 0.03 | |||
| Sabinene | 0.53 | |||
| Beta-pinene | 0.12 | |||
| Gamma-terpinene | 0.33 | |||
| Trans-sabinene hydrate | 0.28 | |||
| 4-oxo-beta-isodamasco | 0.31 | |||
| Methenocyclopentapyrazole | 0.95 | |||
| 1,3-benzodioxole | 0.78 | |||
| Alpha-cubebene | 4.84 | |||
| Methoxy-isoquinolin-6-ol | 1.86 | |||
| 4-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxole | 7.29 | |||
| 1-methoxybenzene | 4.67 | |||
| Agarospirol 0.04 11.02 | 0.04 | |||
| Tetradecanoic acid | 2.25 | |||
| 5,5-dimethyl-2,2′-bithienyl | 0.73 | |||
| 4,5-dimethoxyphthalide | 1.27 | |||
| Desmethylnomifensine | 1.97 | |||
| Allyl-3-phenyl-3-trimethylstannybutanoate | 0.72 | |||
| Saturated fatty acid (SFA) | Thailand Nutmeg seed Extracted by accelerated solvent extraction |
GC–flame ionization detection | 85.59 | Obranović, et al., (2020). |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) | 13.12 | |||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) | 1.29 | |||
| Lauric acid C12:0 | 0 | |||
| Myristic acid C14:0 | 75.69 | |||
| Palmitic acid C16:0 | 7.89 | |||
| Palmitoleic acid C16:1 | 0.12 | |||
| Heptadecanoic acid C17:0 | 0.84 | |||
| Octadecanoic acid. C18:0 | 1 | |||
| Oleic acid C18:1n9 | 13 | |||
| Linoleic acid C18:2n6 | 1.15 | |||
| Linolenic acid C18:3n6 | 0.15 | |||
| Icosanoic acid C20:0 | 0.17 | |||
| α-Thujen | Brazilian nutmeg extracted by hydrodistillation | GC–MS | 1.71 | Cossetin et al., 2021 |
| α-pinene | 10.51 | |||
| β-pinene | 26.0 | |||
| Sabinene | 9.16 | |||
| Myrcene | 1.46 | |||
| α-Phella | 0.92 | |||
| δ-3-care | 1.61 | |||
| α-Terpin | 4.93 | |||
| o-Cymene | 2.97 | |||
| Limonen | 4.67 | |||
| β-Phell | 3.83 | |||
| γ-Terpi | 8.51 | |||
| Terpino | 1.59 | |||
| Cis-β-T | 0.24 | |||
| 4-Isopr | 0.25 | |||
| 4-Terpi | 0.67 | |||
| α-Terpi | 0.76 | |||
| Safrole | 0.72 | |||
| Methyle | 0.38 | |||
| Myristicin | 0.76 |