Table 4.
The Antimicrobial Activities of Nutmeg Seed Extract using Different Solvents and Different Microbial Assays.
| Activity | Type of extract | Goal | Methods | Findings | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-T. gondii & Cytotoxicity |
Myrislignan | Study the mechanism of action | In vivo methods included CCK-8 assays, as for the In Vitro qPCR and staining were used. | In vitro, effects of myrislignan included the inhibition of T. gondii tachyzoite proliferation, as well as cell invasion by tachyzoites were reduced. Vero cells at concentrations less than 132 μg/ml showed no significant cytotoxicity effects |
Zhang, Si, Li, Zhou, & Zhang, 2019 | |
| Antibacterial activity | Nutmeg oil Components of the oil were (sabinene, myristicin, pinene and limonene) |
The antibacterial activity of nutmeg was studied specifically in 2 regions: (Sulawesi and Central Java) | Water and stem distiller used for oil extraction. Antibacterial activity was carried out against pathogenic bacteria such as: S.aureus, S. epidermis, S. Dysenteriae, S. Typhi. In vitro disc diffusion method used for testing resistance patterns |
The studied nutmeg’s oils were effective against: S. aureus, S epidermis, S. dysenteriae and S. typhi. Therefore, nutmeg oils can be considered as a potential natural antibacterial product. |
Sarifah, Indira Lanti, & Dwi Pretti, 2017 | |
| Antibacterial activity | Nutmeg seed methanolic Extract | Testing the extracted methanol from nutmeg and other organic origins effects on the growth of S.mutans. | Diffusion method using BHI agar later undergoing anaerobic incubation at 37 °C for 24 h. | Exhibited inhibition against growth of dental plaque forming bacteria. | Rosmalia & Marjoni, 2022 | |
| Antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens | Nutmeg Oleoresin | Testing antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using nutmeg oleoresin against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis |
Agar well diffusion was used testing different concentrations of synthesized nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles. |
AgNPs from Nutmeg Oleoresin has antimicrobial property, and the zone of inhibition increases as the concentration of AgNP's increases. |
Pranati, Anitha, Rajeshkumar, & Lakshmi, 2019 | |
| plaque control | Nutmeg oil | Comparing nutmeg mouthwash to 0.2 % CHX gluconate mouthwash according to the effectivity and plaque control | Two group was studied. Group A used 10 ml nutmeg mouthwash twice a day. Group B used 10 ml & 0.2 % CHX gluconate mouthwash twice a day, for 21 days. |
Nutmeg mouthwash can be a good alternative to 0.2 % CHX gluconate mouthwash, both economically and the fact that it’s an organic compound. |
Padol et al., 2022 | |
| Antibacterial activity | Crude extract & Essential Oil | The goal was to inhibit the activity of efflux pump in MRSA. |
|
Efflux pump inhibitors have potential as a new therapeutic agent such a nutmeg crude extract and essential oil as an alternative treatment. The synergistic effect between ciprofloxacin’s and Crude extract & Essential Oil revealed the most significant viability of MRSA. |
Oo et al., 2021 | |
| Antiviral activity |
|
in sillico evaluation of phytochemicals from nutmeg seed against COVID-19 |
|
Compounds in the M. fragrans hold promise for future medical benefit against COVID19. | Ongtanasup et al., 2022 | |
| Bacterial and fungal species |
Essential oil | Assessing the antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi Gram-positive bacteria (S.aureus, B.cereus, B. luteus, L.monocytogenes) Gram-negative bacteria (E.coli, K.pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa, P.vulgaris) fungus (Candida albicans). |
|
The highest sensitivity was exhibited by B. luteus however, gram negatives exhibited lower sensitivity. | Nikolic et al., 2021 | |
| Antibacterial Activity | Essential oil | Determine the antimicrobial activity of hydrolats and essential oil by hydrodistillation in the presence and absence of magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient |
|
A higher inhibition effect was exhibited by the oil and hydrolats with aluminometasilicate, EO inhibited E. faecalis, S. mutans, and P. multocida, entirely. | Matulyte et al., 2020 | |
| Antimicrobial activity on refrigerated stored food | Nutmeg essential oil components: α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene |
To check the antimicrobial activity of (NEO) against: E. coli, S.aureus, psychrotrophic bacteria, and fungi. |
Sage seed mucilage with Nutmeg essential oil used to coat food, then total viable count of pathogenic microorganisms was determined by diffusion agar assays | A significant synergistic effect was presented when combined with the antifungal agent nystatin. |
Kiarsi, Hojjati, Behbahani, & Noshad, 2020 | |
| Antimicrobial, antileishmanial, antilarvicidal potential. | aqueous extracts | The antimicrobial, anti-leishmanial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-larvicidal potential of the nanoparticles were tested. | ZnONPs and noncoated and ZnO-NP-coated antibiotics in different concentrations against UTI bacterial strains, (Agar Well Diffusion Assay for ZnO-NPs) and (Disc Diffusion Assay for Antibiotic Discs and Antibiotic-Coated ZnO-NPs) |
|
Faisal et al., 2021 | |
| Antimicrobial activity | Oleoresin | nutmeg oleoresin was tested for its antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens that can be transmitted through contaminated food: V. parahemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, and E. coli. | Antimicrobial activity was tested against some bacterial strains using the agar plate well diffusion method. | The mixture of nutmeg encapsulated with other substances such as: gum Arabic and sorghum starch showed inhibitory effects against E. coli and B.cereus but not on V. parahemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, and L.monocytogenes. |
Arshad, Ali, Abbas, & Hasnain, 2018 | |
| Antimicrobial activity against food spoilage | Essential oil | test nutmeg essential oil composition against pathogenic and food spoilage microbes: S.aureus, Shigella spp, C.albicans, and A.niger. | Disc diffusion method | Mixture of nutmeg oil, citronella oil, and patchouli oil inhibited the growth of C.albicans, A.niger and S.aureus. | Aisyah, Yunita, & Amanda, 2021 | |
| Antimicrobial | Phytochemical constituents using methanol and acetone solvents | To examine the activity of this plant against four bacterial species: (S.aureus and S.epidermidis) (E.coli, and Klebsiella sp.), as well as one yeast (C.albicans) |
Agar well diffusion |
|
Orabi et al., 2022 | |
| Antibacterial and antifungal activity | Essential oil | Leaves of nutmeg were tested to discover its antibacterial and antifungal activities against: (S.enterica, L.monocytogenes, S.dysenteriae, E.coli, P.aeruginosa, A.niger and F.oxysporum) |
Agar disc diffusion, PDA plates with EOs impregnated discs | Nutmeg leaf EO showed the highest inhibition activity against S.dysenteriae and, then against L. monocytogenes. |
Fernando and Senevirathne, 2021 | |
| Antibacterial activity | Aqueous extract | E.coli, S.aureus, Bacillus species and Streptococcus Spp. | Agar well diffusion | Higher antimicrobial effect was observed using hot water extract of nutmeg seed. | Sylvester, 2018 | |
| Antimicrobial activity | Essential oil | Inhibitory activity against bacterial strains. | Antimicrobial activity test was applied according to broth microdilution test/ minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. |
Antimicrobial activity against almost all microorganisms were observed using the mixture of Nutmeg and cardamom essential oil. |
ÖZKAN et al., 2018 | |
| Antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts in root canal sealers. | Methanolic extract | A mixture of amla, nutmeg and miswak was prepared and tested for their antimicrobial activities. | Agar diffusion test | A significant zone and largest zone of inhibition was observed when Endomethasone mixed with Nutmeg. | Devi et al., 2019 | |
| Antimicrobial activity for preserving the quality bread | Oleoresin | The study used microcrystalline cellulose incorporated in the packaging material of gelatin base using oleoresins form natural sources: cloves, nutmeg, and black pepper. | Highest MIC of oleoresins was observed against S. aureus and E. coli. | Inhibition activity of nutmeg against S. aureus at 0.5 % and at 1 % against Escherichia coli was observed. | Figueroa-Lopez, Andrade-Mahecha, & Torres-Vargas, 2018 | |
| Antibacterial Activities of Nutmeg | Essential oil | To test antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. | Testing the minimum inhibitory concentration, maximum bactericidal concentration, using microdilution method | EO showed inhibition of bacteria at MIC ranging from 0.313 % to 10 %. | Wibowo, Febriana, Riasari, & Auilifa, 2018 | |
| Nano emulsion of chitosan/nutmeg seed oil against microbial growth on strawberry | Essential oil | Evaluate (nano emulsion from chitosan/nutmeg seed oil) coating on fresh strawberry | Two suspensions were formed: (UTR-Emulsion and HPH-Emulsion), made as an edible coating, strawberries were coated in these suspensions to test activity against bacteria, mold and yeast | Best result in testing antimicrobial activity of EO was exhibited by high-pressure homogenizer-emulsion which was used for the coated strawberry. |
Horison, Sulaiman, Alfredo, & Wardana, 2019 | |
| Antimicrobial activity | Nutmeg seed oil mediated AgNPs | Evaluate the antimicrobial property of synthesized AgNPs of Nutmeg oil, against pathogenic strains. | Agar Well diffusion | Nutmeg seed oil showed effective antimicrobial activity, with least inhibition was shown against S.typhii. All other bacteria and fungi were observed to be sensitive to the nutmeg seed synthesized AgNPs. | PAULINE, Sangeetha, Manikandan, Loganathan, & Kalaiarasi, 2019 | |
| Antifungal and antimicrobial activity | Aqueous extract of nutmeg | To test antimicrobial activity of Nutmeg seed extract-Graphene quantum dots against S.aureus, P.aeroginosa, S.mutans, Salmonella sp, E.coli and M.Trichophyton. |
Minimum inhibitory concentration | Nutmeg extracted GQD showed bactericidal activity against MRSA and E. coli compared with the conventional commercially available mycoplasma removal agents, GQD was able to show similar results with a small dose 10 µgml-1 | Thileepan, Thevanesam, & Kathirgamanathar, 2017 | |
| Antibacterial activity | aqueous seed extract of nutmeg | To test the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles of nutmeg against (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi | Methods used in the study included MIC and well diffusion methods. | Significant antibacterial activity was exhibited against G + and G- bacteria. | Balakrishnan et al., 2017 |