Table 5.
Illustrate the Application of Nutmeg in the Treatment of Chronic Incurable Diseases.
| Activity | Type of extract | Part of the plant | Goal | Methods | Findings | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anti-Inflammatory Activity | aqueous | seed | Nutmeg oil Effect on pain and inflammation of joints | In vivo | Nutmeg oil may alleviate joint swelling, allodynia, and hyperalgesia in rats by lowering COX-2 expression and substance P levels, suggesting its potential as a chronic pain treatment. | Zhang, et al., 2016 |
| 2 | Extracts of uncooked, cooked, cooked and digested, in vitro nutmeg | Nutmeg seeds | To investigate how cooking and in vitro digestion affect nutmeg anti-inflammatory action. | Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the COX inhibition Cayman screening kit | Uncooked nutmeg exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting COX-2 activity. | Baker, Chohan, & Opara, 2013 | |
| 3 | Water extract | The dried seeds of Nutmeg | Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of hydrolats and essential oil were assessed via hydrodistillation, with and without magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient. | anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via: Cell Culture assay ELISA assay was used to determine IL6 concentration. |
Oil and hydrolats with aluminometasilicate were more effective in inhibiting IL-6 in the presence of Poly I: C. The presence of magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient may alter and enhance the inhibitory effects of nutmeg essential oil and hydrolats. | Matulyte et al., 2020 | |
| 4 | nutmeg methanol and acetone solvents | (Myristica fragrans) seeds | To examine the impact of nutmeg acetone extract on COX-2 enzyme activity | Anti-inflammatory activities using Cayman COX inhibition kit | COX-2 activity was inhibited by nutmeg extract more than Aspirin (antiinflammatory drug) | Orabi et al., 2022 | |
| 5 | Ethanol extract of nutmeg | seed | To evaluate anti-inflammatory of nutmeg gel using in-vivo | Four formulas of gel were prepared with different concentrations. 2, 4, 8 %, and 12 %. The formulated gel was used to treat leg edema in male rat by carrageenan-induced paw edema method. |
The formulation showed lower edema volume than the control. The highest anti-inflammatory was using 12 % concentration. At 8 and 12 % the anti-inflammatory activity was similar to the positive control. |
Azis Ikhsanudin & Rais, 2021 | |
| 6 | CVD | Aqueous | seed | Change heart activity | In vivo (toad heart) | Increased ventricular contraction amplitude, sped up atrioventricular conduction, and induced sinus tachycardia. It also prolonged ventricular action potential duration and led to sinus bradycardia. | Saleh et al., 1989 |
| 7 | Aqueous | seed | Cardiac remodeling | In vivo (MI) rats | Reduces cardiac remodeling by suppressing HIF-1 expression in mouse heart cells post-heart attack. | Liu et al., 2022 | |
| 8 | Aqueous | Seed | protection of CHD and mechanism of action | Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction | Protects heart tissue from heart attacks by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death to prevent ischemia. | Lu, et al., 2018 | |
| 9 | Aqueous | seed | Cardiac fibrosis following MI | In vivo (MI) rats | Reduced cardiac fibrosis post-MI by regulating plasma metabolites to inhibit ECM-receptor interaction and TGF-1/Smad2 activation. | Yan, et al., 2022 | |
| 10 | hyperlipidemia | ethanolic | seed | Decrease lipid level in the blood | In vivo (oral administration in Albino rabbits) | Low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels are reduced. | Ram, et al., 1996 |
| 11 | aqueous | seed | Decrease the cholesterol and modulate lipid peroxidation | In vivo / hypercholesterolemic rats | Lowered cholesterol and LDL levels, decreasing lipid peroxidation and serum aminotransferase activities. Enhanced hepatic and cardiac antioxidant levels. | Onyenibe, et al., 2015 | |
| 12 | Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis | Ethanol | seed | Decrease lipid level in the blood | In vivo (oral administration in Albino rabbits) | Prevents cholesterol buildup, removes aortic plaque, and boosts fecal excretion of lipids in rabbits fed seed extract. | Sharma, et al., 1995 |
| 13 | Heat-stress tolerance | Oil | seed | Alleviate heat-stress in chicken. | In vivo (Korean native chicken) | Nutmeg extract boosts heat stress recovery in chickens by inhibiting lipid oxidation. | Hartanto et al., 2019 |
| 14 | Diabetes | aqueous | seed | Using nutmeg in combination with glimepiride as alternative therapy for DMII | In vivo and in silico (in Swiss albino mice) | glimepiride and nutmeg promptly lowered blood sugar more than glimepiride alone. | Nasreen, et al., 2020 |
| 15 | Diabetes | – | seed | Using nutmeg to increase glucose uptake by the muscle | In vitro (myotubes) and in vivo (mice suppressed post-prandial hyperglycemia) | Promote uptake of glucose in muscle to avoid post-prandial high blood glucose diabetes mellitus II. | Yoshioka, et al., 2022 |
| 16 | Diabetes | seed | Effect of nutmeg extract on pancreatic tissue | In vivo (alloxan-induced diabetic rats) | 100–200 mg/kg nutmeg extract lowered blood glucose, boosted insulin levels, and reduced oxidative stress in diabetic rats' pancreatic tissues. | Pashapoor et al., 2020 | |
| 17 | Diabetes | hydroethanolic | seed | Effect of silver nanoparticles from a hydroethanolic nutmeg extract on diabetes | in vitro | MFHENP inhibits alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, delays glucose diffusion and uptake, similar to acarbose, promising for diabetes control. | Perumalsamy and Krishnadhas, 2022 |
| 18 | Diabetes | dichloromethane-soluble extract | seed | Using Promalabaricone B in nutmeg extract to inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme. | In vitro (cell culture) | PMB induces hypoglycemic effects by upregulating AMPK and stimulating GLUT4 translocation, offering potential diabetes treatment. | Prabha, et al., 2021 |
| 19 | Diabetes | menthol and methyl salicylate | seed | Effect of nutmeg extracts on pain in painful diabetic neuropathy patients. | In vivo (Painful diabetic neuropathy patients) |
Both worst and average pain levels significantly dropped, along with reductions in pain's effects on walking, sleep, tingling, and mood. | Motilal and Maharaj, 2013 |
| 20 | Diabetes | – | seed | Treat diabetes through reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. | In vivo (obese diabetic mice) In vitro (cell culture) |
Nutmeg activates PPAR-alpha/gamma, reduces ER stress, potentially treating type 2 diabetes. Macelignan in nutmeg enhances insulin sensitivity and corrects lipid metabolism. | Han et al., 2008 |
| 21 | Obesity and diabetes | ethanolic | seed | Effect of Myristica fragrance extract on diabetes mellitus II and obesity. | In vitro (cell culture) | Nutmeg extract's AMPK compounds treat obesity, type-2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. | Nguyen et al., 2010 |
| 22 | Obesity and diabetes | MeOH extract | dried seedl | Effect of Myristica fragrance extract on diabetes mellitus II and obesity. | In vitro (cell culture) | Meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid from Myristica fragrans stimulates insulin signaling by inhibiting PTP1B. | Yang, et al., 2006 |
| 23 | Liver fibrosis | – | seed | effect of myristica fragrance’s methoxyeugenol in Cirrhosis | In vitro assay using human and murine cell line. In vivo CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) −induced liver fibrosis in mice. |
Methoxyeugenol could treat chronic liver disease and Cirrhosis. | de Souza et al., 2021 |
| 24 | acute liver injury | CO2 supercritical extraction | seed | Protective effect of nutmeg extract on acute liver injury | In vivo (mice model). Thioacetamide (TAA)-induction of acute liver damage. | Nutmeg extract reduces TAA-induced liver injury by lessening oxidative stress and inflammation. | Yang et al., 2018 |
| 25 | Hepatotoxicity | Aqueous | seed | High dose nutmeg administration affects oxidative stress, bile acid production and secretion | In vivo (male Kunmingmice) | Nutmeg causes liver injury through dose-dependent oxidative stress, elevating CYP450 levels, depleting antioxidants, and disrupting lipid metabolism. | Xia et al., 2021 |
| 26 | hepatoprotective | Methanolic extract | Kernels | nutmeg seed Prevent Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity | In vivo (Rats) | Nutmeg extract has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, possibly through activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. | Dkhil et al., 2019 |
| 27 | hepatotoxicity | Aqueous | seed | Hepato-protective and antioxidant | In-vivo (oral administration in rat) | Nutmeg extract showed antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects in isoproterenol-induced hepatotoxic rats. | Kareem, et al., 2013 |
| 28 | Gastric Ulcer | –- | – | effects of nutmeg extract and Verapamil on gastric acid secretion | In vivo (Rabbit) | Reduced the volume, free and total acidity of gastric secretion | Jan, et al., 2005 |
| 29 | Gastric Ulcer | ethanol | seed | protective effect of nutmeg extract on gastric ulcer | In vivo (Rats) | Nutmeg seeds treated vomiting, dyspepsia, and abdominal pain. It also protects against ethanol-induced ulcers. | Sattar et al., 2019 |
| 30 | Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress | Aqueous methanol and ethyl acetate | seed | protective effect of macelignan against t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity in a HepG2 | Invitro (human hepatoma cell line) | Macelignan inhibits cell growth and necrosis, reduces lipid peroxidation, and inhibits ROS production and DNA damage. | Sohn et al., 2007 |
| 31 | Renal Ischemia | – | seed | Protect against renal ischemia reperfusion injury |
In vivo / IRI rats | Macelignan in nutmeg protects against renal IRI by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, and boosting antioxidant defenses. | Long, et al., 2020 |
| 32 | Renal | Raw | seed | Histological effect of nutmeg on kidney. | In vivo/Rats (oral administration) | High doses of oral nutmeg treatment in adult Wistar rats may adversely affect kidney function, potentially impairing excretory and metabolic activities. | Eweka and Eweka, 2010 |
| 33 | Sexual function | ethanol | seed | Nutmeg and male sexual disorders | In vivo (rat) |
Nutmeg's ethanolic extract boosts libido and potency, possibly by stimulating the nerves. | Tajuddin et al., 2005 |
| 34 | Skin | Methanolic extraction | Seed | Protective photoaging effect of Nutmeg Macelignan from UV | Studying UV-irradiated human skin fibroblasts (Hs68) using RT-PCR, Western blot, DCFDA assay, and ELISA. | Regulates matrix metalloproteinases, key for skin aging, and modulates transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), governing various cellular processes. | Lee et al., 2012 |
| 35 | Methanolic extraction | Seed | Protective effects of isolated macelignan from Myristica fragrans HOUTT | In human keratinocytes (HaCaT), PAR-2 expression was investigate via RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. | Macelignan decreased HaCaT PAR-2 mRNA and protein levels, suggesting its potential as a natural depigmenting agent to alleviate hyperpigmentation. | Hwang, 2010, Choi et al., 2011 |