Table 1.
Main characteristic of the eligible studies for the association between dyslipidemia and periodontitis:periodontitis as the outcome
| Author, year | Country | Study design | Sample size (P/ HC) | Diagnosis criteria for periodontitis | Mean age (year) | age Ratio (P: HC) | % Males | Males ratio (P: HC) | Dyslipidemia diagnosis (any of the following indicators, mg/dl) | Lipid Index | Effect index | Matching or adjusted factor | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Otaibi DH, 2008 [11] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional | 60/30 | Insecure | NI | 1 | NI | 1.00 | NI | TC, TG, LDL, HDL | Mean (SD) | Age, gender | Low |
| Anitha A, 2014 [12] | India | Cross-sectional | 25/25 | Insecure | NI | NI | 24 | 0.71 | NI | HDL, TG | Mean | Age, gender | Moderate |
| Banihashemrad SA, 2008 [13] | Iran | Cross-sectional | 71 | Insecure | 26.68 | NI | 78.87 | NI | NI | TG, TC | Mean (SD) | – | Low |
| Bullon P, 2014 [14] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 13/175 | Secure | 31.96 | 1.04 | 0 | – | NI | TC, HDL, LDL, VLDL, TG | Mean (SD) | – | Moderate |
| Cury EZ, 2018 [15] | Brazil | Case-control | 40/40 | Secure | 46.25 | 1.08 | 65.3 | 0.74 | TG > 200; TC > 200; LDL > 130; HDL < 60 | TC, HDL, LDL, TG | Mean (SD), OR | Age, gender | Moderate |
| Cutler CW, 1999 [16] | Korea | Case-control | 26/25 | Secure | 46.10 | 1.21 | 49.02 | 0.64 | NI | TG, TC | Mean (SD), OR | Age, gender, race, LPS reactivity, ELISA titer | Moderate |
| Doraiswamy S, 2017 [17] | India | Case-control | 30/30 | Secure | 43.3 | 1.06 | NI | NI | TC > 200; TG > 200; HDL > 55; LDL > 130; VLDL> 25–35 | TC, HDL, LDL, VLDL | Mean (SD), Post-OR† | Gender, age, | Moderate |
| Fentoglu O, 2020 [18] | Turkey | Case-control | 123/68 | Secure | . NI | NI | NI | . NI | TG > 200; TC > 200; LDL > 130; HDL < 35; VLDL> 40 | TC, TG, LDL, HDL | OR | – | High |
| Gao H, 2015 [19] | China | Case-control | 185/138 | Secure | 27.91 | 0.96 | 40.56 | 1.00 | NI | TC, HDL, LDL, TG | Mean (SD) | Age, gender, smoking, BMI | Moderate |
| Golpasand HL, 2014 [20] | Iran | Case-control | 45/45 | Secure | 34.74 | 0.96 | 46.67 | 0.91 | TC > 220; TG > 200; LDL > 178; HDL < 29 | TC, TG, HDL, LDL | Mean (SD), Post-OR | Age, gender, number of teeth | Moderate |
| Güler B, 2020 [21] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | LagP: 16; GagP: 16 | NI | 34.79 | 1.02 | 25 | 1.00 | NI | HDL | Mean (SD) | – | Moderate |
| Hamissi J, 2011 [22] | Iran | Case-control | 30/30 | Secure | 35.32 | 1.04 | NI | 1.00 | NI | TC, HDL, LDL, TG | Mean (SD) | Age, gender | Moderate |
| Han SJ, 2019 [23] | Korea | Cross-sectional | 4997/12007 | Insecure | 44.61 | 1.29 | 50.2 | 1.28 | TC ≥ 240; HDL-C < 40; HDL-C ≥ 60; TG ≥ 200; LDL-C ≥ 160 | TC, HDL, LDL, TG | OR | Adjust 1 | Moderate |
| Kalburgi V, 2014 [24] | India | Case-control | 40/20 | Insecure | NI | NI | 55 | 1.15 | NI | TC, HDL, LDL, TG | Mean (SD) | – | Moderate |
| Kim, SR, 2020 [25] | Korea | Cross-sectional | 14,608 | Insecure | NI | NI | NI | NI | TC > 240; TG > 200 | TC,TG | OR | Adjust 2 | Moderate |
| Koshy BS, 2017 [26] | India | Cross-sectional | 50/25 | Secure | 40.49 | 1.14 | 56 | 0.90 | NI | TC, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL | Mean (SD) | – | Moderate |
| Kumar KR, 2014 [27] | India | Cross-sectional | 25/25 | Secure | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | LDL,HDL, TG | Mean (SD) | – | Low |
| Kushiyama M, 2009 [28] | Japan | Cross-sectional | 316/754 | Secure | NI | NI | 26.26 | NI | HDL-C < 40 for males < 50 for females; TG ≥ 150 | TC, TG, HDL | Mean (range), OR | Age, gender, smoking habits | Moderate |
| Lee JB, 2013 [29] | Korea | Cross-sectional | 5558/9976 | Insecure | 44.20 | 1.28 | 42.55 | 0.63 | TC ≥ 240; TG > 200; HDL-C ≤ 40; LDL ≥ 160 | TC, TG, HDL | OR | Adjust 3 | Moderate |
| Lee S, 2018 [30] | Korea | Cross-sectional | 1365/5540 | Insecure | NI | NI | 41.68 | 1.52 | TC ≥ 240; HDL-C ≤ 40; HDL-C ≥ 60; LDL-C ≥ 160; TG ≥ 200 | TC, HDL, LDL, TG | Mean (95% CI), OR | Adjust 4 | Moderate |
| Losche W, 2000 [31] | Germany | Case-control | 39/40 | Insecure | 55.10 | 0.99 | 41.77 | 1.39 | TC > 230; LDL-C > 160; HDL- C > 45; TG > 200 | TG, TC, LDL, HDL | Mean (SD), Post-OR | – | Moderate |
| Machado AC, 2005 [32] | Brazil | Case-control | 30/30 | Insecure | 43.80 | 0.98 | 56.67 | 1.00 | TC ≥ 240; LDL-C ≥ 160; HDL-C ≤ 35; TG ≥ 200 | TG, TC, LDL,HDL | Mean (SD), Post-OR | Age, gender | Moderate |
| Moeintaghavi A, 2005 [33] | Iran | Case-control | 40/40 | Insecure | 31.90 | 1.03 | 61.25 | 1.04 | TC > 220; LDL-C > 190; HDL-C < 29; TG > 200 | TC, TG, LDL, HDL | Mean (SD), OR | Age, gender | Moderate |
| Moghadam SA, 2015 [34] | Iran | Case-control | 61/60 | Insecure | NI | 1 | 50 | 1.00 | NI | TG, TC | Mean (SD) | Age, gender | Moderate |
| Monteiro AM, 2009 [35] | Brazil | Case-control | 40/40 | Insecure | 44.95 | 1.01 | 42.5 | 1.13 | TC > 200; LDL > 130; HDL < 40; TG > 150 | TC, HDL, LDL, TG | Mean (SD), Post-OR | Age, gender, BMI | High |
| Nibali L, 2007 [36] | United Kingdom | Case-control | 302/183 | Secure | 40.43 | 1.03 | 45.62 | 1.01 | NI | TG, TC, LDL, HDL | Mean (95% CI) | Age, gender, smoking ethnicity | Moderate |
| Penumarthy S, 2013 [37] | India | Case-control | 30/30 | Secure | 33.92 | 1.46 | NI | NI | TG ≥ 150; TC ≥ 200; HDL-C ≤ 60; LDL-C ≥ 130 | TG, TC, LDL, HDL | Mean (SD) | – | Low |
| Sandi RM, 2014 [38] | India | Cross-sectional | 40/40 | Insecure | 44.82 | 1.05 | 52.5 | NI | NI | TC, TG, HDL, LDL | Mean (SD) | Age | Moderate |
| Saxlin T, 2008 [39] | Finland | Cross-sectional | 1297 | Insecure | NI | NI | 39.24 | NI | NI | TG, HDL, LDL | Quintile, RR | Adjust 5 | High |
| Shi D, 2006 [40] | China | Case-control | 40/37 | Insecure | 32.59 | 1.36 | 35.06 | 0.74 | NA | TC, TG | Mean (SD) | – | Moderate |
| Shimazaki Y, 2007 [41] | Japan | Cross-sectional | 37/547 | Insecure | 55.74 | 1.07 | 0 | – | TG > 150; HDL-C < 50 | TG, HDL | Mean (SD), OR | Age, smoking status | Moderate |
| Sridhar R, 2009 [42] | India | Case-control | 30/30 | Secure | 44.43 | 1.09 | 43.33 | 1.17 | NI | HDL,TG | Mean (SD) | – | Low |
| Taleghani F, 2010 [43] | Iran | Cohort (retrospective) | 26/26 | Secure | 46.50 | 0.94 | 34.62 | 1.00 | LDL-C > 180; HDL-C < 30; TG > 200; TC > 250 | TC, TG, HDL, LDL | Mean (SD), Post-OR | – | Moderate |
| Thapa S, 2016 [44] | United States | Cross-sectional | 376/685 | Secure | 49.90 | NI | 51.84 | 0.75 | TC ≥ 240; LDL ≥ 160; HDL < 50; TG ≥ 200 | TC | OR | Adjust 6 | Moderate |
| Thomas B, 2017 [45] | India | Cross-sectional | 300 | Secure | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | TC, HDL, LDL, VLDL, TG | Mean (SD) | – | Moderate |
| Wang Y, 2007 [46] | China | Cross-sectional | 280/178 | Insecure | 53.50 | NI | 57.64 | NI | TC ≥ 220; TG ≥ 150 | TC, TG | OR | Age, education, oral hygiene habits, | Moderate |
| Zhou SY, 2012 [47] | China | Cross-sectional | 40/20 | Secure | 46.50 | 1.07 | 33.33 | 1.17 | TC > 220; TG > 150; LDL-C > 120 | TC, TG, HDL, LDL | Mean (SD) | – | Moderate |
| Xiaoyuan Guan, 2022 [48] | China | Cross-sectional | 397/285 | Secure | NI | 1.03 | 57.51 | 1.80 | NI | TG, LDL, HDL | Mean (SD) | Gender, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, exercise frequency, smoking habits | Moderate |
| Feng Zhang, 2022 [49] | China | Cross-sectional | 219 | Secure | 30.10 | NI | 0 | 0 | NI | HDL | Mean (SD) | Adjust 7 | Moderate |
| Chunyan Ding, 2023 [50] | China | Cross-sectional | 163/57 | Insecure | NI | NI | 55.00 | 0.97 | TC ≥ 2 mmol/L, TG ≥ 3 mmol/L, HDL-C, < 1.0 mmol/L, LDL-C ≥ 1 mmol/L | TC, TG, LDL, HDL | OR | Age, overweight or obesity, alcohol consumption, cardiovascular history, and hypertension | Moderate |
Adjust 1: age, gender, family income, education level, alcohol consumption experience in a lifetime, smoking status, regular walking, fat intake,number of remaining teeth, active caries, diabetic status, obesity, and hypertension
Adjust 2: Age, gender, BMI, education level, family income, marital status, house ownership, number of people living together, health insurance coverage and economic activities
Adjust 3: age, gender, family income, educational level,use of floss,alcohol consumption experience in a lifetime, present smoking status, active caries,diabetes mellitus and obesity
Adjust 4: age, area, education, BMI, alcohol intake, menopausal status (in women),and smoking status
Adjust 5: Gender, age, education level, frequency of tooth brushing, dental visit pattern, presence of plaque, lipid drugs, alcohol consumption, BMI
Adjust 6: Age, gender, income, education level, calcium level, smoking status, DM and BMI
Adjust 7: Age, gestational age, educational level, household monthly income, parity and pathological abortion, BMI, SBP, DBP, glucose, HbA1c, TG, HDL-c, TBA, AST, TP, and Urine ACR using backward stepwise method
Abbreviation: P periodontitis, HC health control, ABL alveolar bone loss, PD probing depth, CAL clinical attachment loss, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, LDL low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL high density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, NI not informed, SD standard error, OR odds ratio
† Post-OR was post-hoc calculated using the enough information of the study