Table 2.
Evaluation of the inclusion of SE-AN criteria in genetic studies of anorexia nervosa. The type of AN refers to the anorexia grouping utilized by the authors, for example restricting, binge-purge, weight restored. Other EDs refer to other types of eating disorders included in the study, for example, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders not otherwise specified and binge eating disorders. Age and BMI refer to the mean age or BMI of the study participants, respectively, unless otherwise indicated. The abbreviations are detailed and annotated in the legend
| Reference | Type of AN and other EDs | Age Mean (SD) years5 |
BMI kg/m2 Mean (SD)5 |
Duration Mean-(SD) years5 | Prior treatment history | Gene or genetic element studied | Other measure (psychological tool, study author description) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | [78] Acevedo et al., 2015 | AN-C, AN-WR, BN | 18–67 | AN-C: 17.9 ± 0.3 | AN-C met all DSM-IV criteria for the previous 12 months | NA | Oxytocin |
QIDS-CR; SIGH-A; YBC-EDS Female |
| 2. | [123] Ando et al., 2012 | AN-R, AN-BP, AN-P, BN, EDNOS |
24.9 ± 8.39 (all ED groups) |
16.0 ± 3.241 12.8 ± 2.112 (all ED groups) |
NA | NA | BDNF |
TCI Female |
| 3. | [124] Ando et al., 2014 | AN-R, AN-BP, BN, EDNOS | 25.1 ± 8.5 |
12.8 ± 2.12 16.0 ± 3.11 |
NA | NA | FAAH | Female |
| 4. | [125] Augoulea et al., 2021 |
AN-No Sub3 See “other” |
15.4 ± 1.8 (typical AN) 14.4 ± 1.3 (atypical AN) |
15.9 ± 1.3 (typical AN) 17.9 ± 0.8 (atypical) |
NA | NA | MTHFR |
Atypical: BMI low normal Typical: refuse to maintain a normal weight, intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, amenorrhea. Female |
| 5. | [126] Baeza-Velasco et al., 2021 | AN-R, AN-BP, BN “Other ED” |
All ED types 31.03 (11.02) without JHM 22.77 (2.07) with JHM |
All ED types 19.31 (6.2) without JHM 20.22 (4.8) with JHM |
All ED types 12.93 (9.07) without JHM 6.25 (6.73) with JHM |
NA | JHM |
MINI 5.0.0 EDI-2 ED without JHM: 13% male ED with JHM: no males |
| 6. | [127] Batury et al., 2020 | AN-R, AN-BP |
18.0 ± 3.4 (acute) 19.7 ± 3.8 (recovered) |
15.0 ± 0.3 (acute) | Not provided. Age of onset average provided. |
NA “Recovered” group was noted as being previously treated. |
Ghrelin and leptin receptor methylation |
Defined recovered as: (1) maintain a BMI > 18.5 (if older than 18 years) or a BMI > 10th BMI percentile (if younger than 18 years, for at least three months prior to the study (2) have not binged, purged, or engaged in significant restrictive eating patterns. SIAB-EX; EDI-2 Female |
| 7. | [128] Boehm et al., 2020 | AN-R, AN-BP | 16.15 ± 3.07 (All AN) | 14.55 ± 1.35 | Not provided. Age of onset average provided. | NA | SLC6A4 (serotonin transporter) DNA methylation |
SCL-90-R; EDI-2; BDI Female |
| 8. | [76] Booij et al., 2015 | AN-R, AN-BP, AN-P |
21.5 (6.4); range: 18–38 (AN-R) 23.4 (5.6); range: 18–40 (AN-BP) |
14.9 (1.8) (AN-R) 15.9 (1.1) (AN-BP) |
Months 54.9 [30]; range: 12–84 (AN-R) 83.3(87.8); range: 12–336 (AN-BP) |
NA | Methylation |
EDEQ; CES-D Female |
| 9. | [129] Caso et al., 2020 | AN-R, AN-BP |
14.77 ± 0.3 (AN-R) 15.29 ± 0.42 (AN-BP) |
17.83 ± 0.46 (AN-R) 15.29 ± 0.42 (AN-BP) |
Months mean 14.3 | NA | Bioinflammatory response and glucocorticoid receptor expression |
EDI, BITE, BSQ, HARS, MADRS, BIS, CTI Female |
| 10. | [79] Castellini et al., 2012 | AN-R, AN-BP, BN | 26.54 ± 7.55 (AN- all) | 16.56 ± 2.60 (AN- all) | Patient had to have reported ≥3 years of stable diagnosis per DSM-IV to be included | NA |
5-HTT Serotonin transporter |
Patients with a BMI of < 14 were considered “unsuitable for psychotherapy” and excluded from the study. EDEQ, BDI, STAI 2.9% male |
| 11. | [130] Ceccarini et al., 2020 | AN No-Sub3, BN, BED | 22.4 ± 8.9 (AN) | 14.3 ± 2.0 (AN) | NA | NA | 5-HT2AR and BDNF gene variants |
AN: 1.6% male BN: 4.3% male |
| 12. | [105] Ceccarini et al., 2022 | AN No-Sub3, noted that certain patients purged |
21 (12-57) (Female) 26(9.26–18.37) (Male) |
14.13 ± 2.122 21.64 ± 5.096 |
34.9 ± 47.9 (months) | NA | SLC25A13, PDE11A, LRP2, NNAT CD36, CACNA1C, DRD4, EPHX2, ESR1, GRIN2A, GRIN3B, LRP2, NPY4R, PTGS2, PTPN22, SGPP2 | Male and Female |
| 13. | [131] Chang et al., 2019 | AN-R, AN-BP and AN not classified | NA | NA | ≥34 | NA | Microduplication at 15q11.2; CNV CYFIP1; NIPA1; NIPA2 |
SIAB 2.3% male |
| 14. | [80] Chen et al., 2015 | AN-No Sub3 | 19.4 ± 4.7 | 16.2 ± 2.7 | Not provided. Age of onset average provided. | NA | 5- HTTLPR Serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region polymorphism | EDE-Q |
| 15. | [132] Clarke et al., 2016 | AN-R AN-BP | 27.4 (9.1) |
17.5 (2.1) 1 13.3 (1.9) 2 |
6.30 (7.63) | NA | Val66Met BDNF polymorphism |
BSQ Female |
| 16. | [133] Clarke et al., 2014 | AN No-Sub3 | 32.4 ± 14.25 | Low weight that is/was < 5th percentile for BMI4 | Study criteria met for ≥3 years prior to entry into the study | NA | VGLL4 |
SIAB Female |
| 17. | [81] Czerniak et al., 2013 | 80% AN-R mixed with OCD and anxiety | 16.2 ±-2.7 | 14.73 ± 1.83 | NA | NA | CYP17A1 |
CGI-anxiety Female |
| 18. | [134] Dmitrzak-Weglarz et al., 2013 | AN No-Sub3 | 17.5 ± 3.3 | 14.389 ± 1.945 | Not provided. Age of onset average provided. | NA | BDNF, NTRK2, FYN, GSK3b, GRIN2B, GRIN2A and SNAP-25 | NA |
| 19. | [135] Dmitrzak-Weglarz et al., 2016 | AN No-Sub3 | 17.5 ± 3.3 | 14.389 ± 1.945 | Not provided. Age of onset average provided. | NA | NR3C1 (glucocorticoid receptor) |
BDI Female |
| 20. | [136] Dudzińska et al., 2021 | AN No-Sub3 | 18.97 ± 2.54 | 14.9 (1.2) | NA | NA | KAT3, KAT2, KAT1, sICAM-1, TRP |
Oral interview Female |
| 21. | [137] Ehrlich et al., 2012 |
AN-R AN-BP Included acute and “weight restored” |
Acute 17.88 (3.23) | Acute 14.9 (1.2) | NA | NA | Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) promoter-specific DNA methylation |
weight-restored, subjects had to maintain a BMI ≥18.5 for > 3 months and have not binged, purged, or engaged in significant restrictive eating patterns. Female |
| 22. | [138] Faje et al., 2012 | AN No-Sub3 | 16. 7 ± 0. 22 | 17. 2 ± 0. 21 | NA | All AN enrolled in outpatient treatment programs | SOST | Female |
| 23. | [139] Fan et al., 2023 | AN-R AN-BP | 23.5 ± 7.0 | 15.6 ± 2.5 | 5.5 (median 4.0) | Recruited from specialized treatment centers | Htr1b (in mice) |
EDI Female |
| 24. | [140] Favaro et al., 2013 | AN No-Sub3 | 25.0 (6.9) | 15.9 [1.4] | NA | NA |
Val158 Met catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) |
WCST Female |
| 25. | [141] Franzago et al., 2023 | AN-R AN-BP, BN, BED, UFED, OSFED |
16.0 ± 2.0 (AN-R) 18.0 ± 1.0 (AN-P) |
14.4 [13.6;15.4] 15.8 [14.7;17.2] |
NA | NA | DNA methylation levels at 6 CpG sites within the SLC6A4 promoter region |
EDI-3 No males included in AN groups. |
| 26. | [142] Galimberti et al., 2013 | AN-R AN-BP | 24.10 ± 6.8 | 16.21 ± 4.02 | 5.95 ± 5.09 | NA | Executive functioning |
MINI-DIS Female |
| 27. | [143] Gamero-Villarroel et al., 2015 | AN No-Sub3, BN | 18.9 ± 6.2 (AN) | 17.19 ± 2.01 | NA | NA | NEGR1 |
EDI-2, GSI, PSDI Female |
| 28. | [144] Gamero-Villarroel et al., 2017 | AN No-Sub3, BN, Obese | 18.9 ± 6.2 (AN) | 17.19 ± 2.01 | Not provided. Age of onset average provided. | NA | TFAP2B and KCTD15 |
EDI-2, GSI, PSDI Female |
| 29. | [145] Gamero-Villarroel et al., 2014 | AN No-Sub3, BN | 18.9 ± 6.2 (AN) | 17.19 ± 2.01 | Not provided. Age of onset average provided. | NA | BDNF |
EDI-2, GSI, PSDI Female |
| 30. | [146] Gamero-Villarroel et al., 2015 | AN No-Sub3, BN, Obese; BED | 15.50 ± 2.30 (AN) | 16.40 ± 1.59 (AN) | NA | NA | Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) |
EDI-2, GSI, SCL-90-R No males included in AN group |
| 31. | [82] Gervasini et al., 2013 | AN No-Sub3, | 26.0 ± 7.4 | 17.60 ± 2.33 | NA | NA | dopamine receptors (DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4), transporters (DAT1) and metabolizing enzymes (COMT) gene polymorphisms |
EDI-2, SCL-90R, GSI Female |
| 32. | [147] Gervasini et al., 2018 | AN No-Sub3, BN | 18.9 ± 6.2 (AN) | 17.54 ± 2.27 (AN) | NA | NA | Dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) |
PSDI, GSI, PST, SCL-90R Caucasian female |
| 33. | [148] Gervasini et al., 2018 | AN No-Sub3, BN, BED | 16.94 ± 4.58 | 17.54 ± 2.27 | NA | NA |
Val158Met catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) |
GSI (SCL-90R) PST (SCL-90R) and PSDI (SCL-90R) Female |
| 34. | [83] González et al., 2021 | AN No-Sub3 | 16.96 ± 4.11 | 17.33 ± 2.11 | NA | NA | Cannabinoid Receptor (CNR1, CNR2) |
EDI-2, SCL-90R, PST, PSDI Female |
| 35. | [84] González et al., 2021 | AN-R, AN-BP, BED | 16.98 ± 4.21 (AN) | 17.32 ± 2.07 (AN) | NA | NA | Fat mass obesity (FTO) |
EDI-2, GSI, PST, PSDI Caucasian, female |
| 36. | [149] He et al., 2023 | AN-R, AN-BP | 18.96 ± 4.14 | 15.22 ± 2.08 | 29.73 ± 30.99 (months) | NA | SLC6A4 Hypermethylation |
EDE-Q, BDI, BAI Chinese Han descent, female |
| 37. | [75] Hernández et al., 2016 | AN-R and EDNOS-AN AN-BP, BN-P, BN-NP, and EDNOS-BN | 18.23 ± 4.4 (for all EDs) | NA | 4.4 (4.14) (not divided out-all EDs) | NA | Serotonin receptor 1Db (HTR1B) |
HAM-A, HAM-D, SCID-1 7.9% Male Female |
| 38. | [150] Hernández-Muñoz et al., 2020 | AN-R, BN | 18.08 (3.89) (AN-R) | 15.66 (1.51) (AN-R) | 4.03 years (4.44) | NA | Serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) |
EDI-2, YBC-EDS Female |
| 39. | [151] İnan-Erdoğan et al., 2019 | AN No-Sub3 | 14.50 ± 1.49 | 15.82 ± 2.44 | NA | NA | Vitamin D receptor (VDR) (VDRBsml, VDRFokl) and estrogen receptor (ESR) (ESR1Xbal, ESR1Pvull) | 20% male |
| 40. |
[101] Iranzo-Tatay et al., 2022 |
Monozygotic twin pairs, discordant for AN And AN-R AN-BP group of nontwins |
20.42 (7.39) (MZ) 20.14 (7.08) (Nontwins) |
16.75 (1.43) (MZ twins) 15.62 (0.95) (Nontwins) |
NA | NA | Genome-wide methylation | Female |
| 41. | [50] Johansson et al., 2022 | AN-R, AN-BP, AN-EDNOS, BED, BN |
19.44 (6.68) (AN-R) 21.79 (7.00) (AN BP) |
15.91 (1.39) (AN-R) 16.52 (1.49) (AN-BP) |
≥ 5 (follow-up time) | All patients registered in the study had undergone at least one treatment attempt |
Polygenic scores (PGSs) |
Defined severity as CIA ≥ 18 Created an index of Severe Enduring = high CIA score and follow-up time ≥ 5 years 1.6% male |
| 42. | [85] Kang et al., 2017 | AN No-Sub3 | 19.05 ± 4.52 |
Three genetic subgroups 15.97 ± 2.40 16.65 ± 2.43 15.92 ± 2.82 |
Not provided. Age of onset average provided. | NA | 5-HT2A receptor gene promoter polymorphism‐1438G/A |
EDE-Q 6.0 Female |
| 43. | [152] Kesselmeier et al., 2018 | AN-R AN-BP. Also looked at lean controls without AN (BMI < 15) |
12.7 (12.1, 14.0) ) (Q1 Q3) (AN-BP) |
13.7 (13.0, 14.5) (Q1 Q3) (AN-R) 12.7 (12.1, 14.0) (Q1 Q3) (AN-BP) |
NA | NA |
TNXB hypermethylation; high-throughput DNA methylation derived from whole blood |
Female |
| 44. | [153] Kim et al., 2013 | AN (5 AN-R, 1 AN-BP) |
34 22 39 19 24 22 Age of each patient |
(13.8, 18.9) (14.6, 18.2) (16.2, 18.1) (14.8, 17.6) (14.9, 18.4) (17.1, 19.3) Before and after treatment for each patient |
NA | NA | Gene expression before and after weight restoration |
Detailed blood chemistries provided. Female |
| 45. | [86] Kim et al., 2014 | AN No-Sub3 | 24.73(10.73) | 15.06 (2.58) | NA | NA | Methylation status of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) |
EDE-Q, AQ Female |
| 46. | [154] Kim et al., 2015 | AN-R, AN-BP, BN | 21.70 (7.06) |
14.81 (2.18)1 13.80 (1.87)2 20.97(3.89)6 |
3.27 (4.88) | NA | OXTR rs5357 |
EDE-Q, BDI, STAI-State and Trait, BIS/BAT Korean females |
| 47. | [155] Kucharska et al., 2019 | AN-R AN-BP | 22.38(2.76) | 15.02(1.33) | Not provided. Age of onset average provided. | NA |
Oxytocinergic system gene polymorphisms |
BDI-II, EAT-26, TAS-20 Female |
| 48. | [74] Kushima et al., 2022 | AN-R, AN-BP, ARFID |
29.2 ± 9.4 15–23 for those with NDD-CNVs |
Lifetime minimum BMI < 15 kg/m2, 4 10.6 to 14.6 for those with NDD-CNVs |
Not provided. Age of onset provided. | Noted that they did record the previous number of hospitalizations but did not provide this in the article or supplementary data | Neurodevelopmental disorder CNVs |
All patients required hospitalization, were specifically noted as having “severe ED” which was defined by a lifetime minimum BMI < 15 kg/m2 Female |
| 49. | [156] Lawson et al., 2012 |
AN-R (if reported more than one B and P per month in the 3 months were excluded) |
21.7 ± 0.7 (AN) 23.2 ± 0.8 (AN-Weight restored) |
17.7 ± 0.3 BMI (AN) 22.1 ± 0.7 BMI (AN-WR) |
52.7 ± 11.2 months (AN) 36.3 ± 6.6 months (ANWR) |
NA |
Oxytocin secretion and Insular Cortex Hypoactivation |
EDE-Q, BDI, STAI Female |
| 50. | [157] Lin et al., 2020 | AN-R |
25 (19, 42)-Nonremission 32 (21, 41) Remission (min-max) |
≤184 16.5 (12, 16.8) Nonremission 20.5 (19, 25) Remission (min-max) |
≥24 7.7 (1, 26) Nonremitted 13 (6, 240 (Remitted) min-max |
NA | CADM1 rare variants |
EAT-26, EDI-2 Female |
| 51. | [158] Lutter et al., 2017 | AN-R, AN-BP, BED | 18–60 with a median age of 24 (for all ED) |
15.71 (2.2) AN-R 16.84 (0.8) AN-BP |
NA | NA | Novel damaging genetic variants |
4% Male Female |
| 52. | [159] Müller et al., 2012 | AN No-Sub3, BN |
25.02 ± 6.26 (Italian) AN 24.03 ± 6.19 (Spanish) AN 18.35 ± 6.51 (German 1 AN) 16.20 ± 2.00 (German 2 AN, first admission) 33.03 ± 7.47 (German 2 AN, current) |
14.77 ± 2.11 (Italian) AN 16.97 ± 1.91 (Spanish) AN 16.07 ± 2.92 (German 1 AN) 14.50 ± 1.60 (German 2 AN, first admission) 20.83 ± 2.40 (German 2 AN, after recovery) |
NA | NA | Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene (FTO) rs9939609 |
2.8% Male Female |
| 53. | [87] Neyazi et al., 2019 | AN-R, AN-BP |
30.26 ± 9.31 (full AN R or BP) 26.84 ± 6.84 (partial AN R or BP) 24.92 ± 5.97 (full recovery) |
16.26 ± 0.94 (full AN R or BP) Time 0 17.08 ± 0.85 (partial AN R or BP) Time 0 17.03 ± 0.82 (full recovery) Time 0 |
Although the original study is based on [160] divided based on durations of > 6 years and ≤6 years, this article did not provide these details. | The article did not note prior treatment, however as it included a follow-up at 12 months post treatment completion, one could consider those with full AN at that time point to have had one unsuccessful treatment. |
Leptin gene (LEP) and the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) DNA promoter methylation |
Severity of AN and outcome were measured by the PSR based on the patient’s SIAB-EX interview. PSR scores range from 1 (no symptoms of AN) to 6 (severe symptoms of AN that require admission) Full recovery = PSR score of 1 or 2 and BMI > 18.5 Full AN = PSR score of 5 or 6 and BMI of ≤17.5; and Partial AN included all other cases. Female |
| 54. | [161] Ortega et al., 2016 | AN-R, AN-BP | 24.0 (5.3) | 17.4 (1.4) | 5.5 (SD = 5.3) | NA | TAS2R38 |
EDI-2, SCL-90R Female |
| 55. | [162] Phillipou et al., 2022 |
AN-C (current) AN-wr (weight recovered) |
22.55 (3.10) (AN-c) 22.45 (2.79) (AN-wr) |
16.72 (1.48) AN-c |
5.74 (3.94) AN-c 4.34 (2.98) AN-wr |
NA | Anxiety, heritability, perfectionism |
MINI, EDE-Q, DASS, BSAT, MPS Female |
| 56. |
[88] Plana et al., 2019 |
AN-R and AN-P but not delineated in analysis for genetics |
14.4 (2.2) current for those with very early onset AN 16.3 (1.4) current for those with early onset AN |
Mean lowest BMI in the acute phase of AN was 16.1 (1.5) | NA | NA | Genetic pleiotropy related to the serotonergic system |
LOI-CV, CDI, CAPS, EAT-40 Very-early onset AN = onset < 13 years Early 13–18 years Very early: 38% male Early: 23% male |
| 57. | [163] Rudolph et al., 2023 | AN No-Sub3 |
26.3 ± 9.6 Group 1 27.8 ± 9.4 Group 2 |
12.7 ± 1.8 Group 1 14.5 ± 1.8 Group 2 |
NA | NA | Neuronatin expression |
GAD-7, PSQ-20, PHQ-9, EDI-2 Female |
| 58. | [164] Sala et al., 2018 | AN No-Sub3 |
26.96 (6.92) (GG genotype) 27.15 (9.04) (GA/AA genotype) |
19.36 (2.80) (GG genotype) 20.34 (3.28) (GA/AA genotype) |
NA | NA | OXTR |
QIDS-CR, SIGH-A, YBC-EDS, EAT-26 EAT-D EAT-B EAT-O BSQ Female |
| 59. | [165] Schroeder et al., 2012 | AN-R, AN-BP, BN |
25.25 (13.2) (AN) wrist cutting (WC) 26.69 (10.3) (AN) non-wrist cutting (NWC) |
17.35 (1.2) (AN WC) 15.50 (2.0) (AN NWC) |
11.75 (11.5) (ANWC) 9.20 (11.0) (ANNWC) |
NA |
The cannabinoid 1 (CB 1) receptor is the primary mediator of the endocannabinoid (EC) system |
EDI-2, BDI Female |
| 60. |
[89] Scott-Van Zeeland et al., 2014 |
AN-R AN-BP |
26.9 (8.0) Discovery 28.0 (8.5) Pooled replication |
18.8 (2.8) Discovery 18.3 (2.7) Pooled replication |
See Other Measure column 9.9 (6.9) Discovery 10.3 (7.8) Pooled replication |
NA | Epoxide Hydrolase 2 (EPHX2) |
BDI, YBC-SDS, STAI EPHX2 Male and female European descent |
| 61. |
[166] Shih et al., 2016 |
AN-R (ruled out BP and Binge) AN-I = AN-“ill” AN-Rec = AN-“recovered” |
22.2 ± 4.8 (AN-I) 24.2 ± 5.7 (AN-Rec) |
≤17.5 (AN-I) ≥ 18 (AN-Rec)4 14.3 ± 1.4 (AN-I)1 21.0 ± 1.763 (AN-Rec)1 12.3 ± 1.6 (AN-I)2 14 ± 1.8 (AN-Rec)2 |
Study diagnostic criteria were met for at least 3 years before study entry | NA | Epoxide Hydrolase 2 (EPHX2) and Lipidomic Profiles |
AN- “recovered” defined as having an absence of ED symptoms in the past year including maintenance of a BMI of 18 or greater. BDI, STAI, TCI Also measured Total cholesterol and HDL European descent; Female |
| 62. | [167] Shimizu et al., 2020 | AN-R AN-BP |
28.42 ± 12.39 AN-R 32.43 ± 8.19 AN-BP |
12.81 ± 2.00 AN-R 12.17 ± 1.58 AN-BP |
2114.08 ± 3255.41 (days) AN-R 2629.29 ± 2037.48 (days) AN-BP |
NA | Fatty acid metabolism | Female |
| 63. | [77] Steiger et al., 2019 | AN-R AN-BP |
24.88 ± 8.39 (18–53 min-max) (AN-R active) 23.41 ± 5.28 (18–43 min-max) (AN-BP active) |
14.39 ± 1.72 (10.80–17.54 min-max) (AN-R active) 15.78 ± 1.20 (13.09–17.81 min-max) (AN-BP active) |
96.00 ± 98.91 (12–456 (min-max)) (AN-R active) Months 78.44 ± 57.68 (12–192 (min-max)) (AN-BP active) Months |
Did not note whether those in the “remitted” group received treatment or whether those in the active groups received previous treatment |
Epigenome-wide study of DNA Methylation |
Remitted: Previous AN per DSM; at time of study did not meet criteria for AN or BN and had maintained a self-reported BMI of ≥18 for at least 12 months. EDE, EDE-Q Female |
| 64. | [168] Stergioti et al., 2013 | AN No-Sub3 | 15.8 ± 1.6 | 16.25 ± 1.41 | NA | NA | ESR1, CTR | Female |
| 65. | [169] Subramanian et al., 2018 | AN-R AN-binge eating. Individuals with binge eating/purging-AN were excluded | 24 (6.1) AN-R | 16 (1.9) AN-R | NA | NA | Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) methylation | Female |
| 66. | [170] Svedlund et al., 2022 | AN No-Sub3 | 16–24 |
15.2 (1.3) group 2 15.6 (0.9) group 2 15.6 (0.5) group 2 At start of treatment |
27 months (3–120 min-max, months) |
NA | Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene (FTO) | Female |
| 67. | [171] Tenconi et al., 2016 | AN No-Sub3 | 22.64 ± 6.9 |
17.58 ± 3.01 14.96 ± 2.12 21.21 ± 2.86 |
NA | NA | 5-HTTLPR |
H-SCL-90, STAI Female |
| 68. | [172] Thaler et al., 2020 |
AN-R, AN-BP Active-Act Remitted- Rem |
23.53 (5.78) AN-Act 27.43 (5.54) AN-Rem |
15.21 (1.65) (AN-Act) 21.52 (2.05) (AN-Rem) |
82.54 (64.56) range 12–300 months (AN-Act) 86.0 (41.21) range 24–216 months (AN-Rem) |
Did not note whether those in the “remitted” group received treatment or whether those in the active groups received previous treatment | Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) methylation |
AN-Rem = BMI ≥18.0, and they reported no restriction, binge eating, or purging for the past 12 months. EDE-Q Female |
| 69. | [173] Tremolizzo et al., 2014 | AN-R (not clear whether this was strictly defined) | 15.5 ±1.4 | 15.5 ± 2.1 | NA | NA | Whole-blood global DNA methylation and serum hormones |
EDI-3, STAI-Y, CDI Female |
| 70. | [90] Yilmaz et al., 2014 | AN-R, AN-BP, BN | 26.1 ± 8.5 (AN) |
Minimum illness-related lifetime BMI < 18.54 18.05 ± 2.711 13.82 ± 1.952 |
≥3 y4 | NA | Leptin, melanocortin, and neurotrophin genes |
NA Female |
| 71. | [174] Yilmaz et al., 2023 | AN No-Sub3 | Evaluation at ages 14 and 16 | NA | NA | NA | Transdiagnostic polygenic scores |
YRBSS Male and female |
| 72. | [175] Zhang et al., 2013 | AN No-Sub3 | 19.3 ± 4.9 | NA | NA | NA |
Estrogen receptor 1 gene (ESR1) rs2295193 polymorphism |
NA 5.6% male |
| 73. | [176] Zhang et al., 2022 | AN No-Sub3 | Age at first ED diagnosis without ASD: 18.87 (4.36) with ASD: 18.45 (4.52) |
Minimum BMI during AN: Without ASD: 15.59 (1.87) With ASD: 14.76 (2.34) |
NA |
Inpatient treatment 698/3055 (23%) without ASD 62/134 (46%) with ASD. Number of inpatient days without ASD 28.36 (110.12) with ASD 121.90 (393.36) |
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) |
EDQ, GAF, CIA, CGI 1.9% male without ASD 5.2% male with ASD |
| 74. | [177] Zhang et al., 2023 |
AN No-Sub3 BN, BED, EDNOS |
Age at 1st diagnosis: 17.97 ± 4.22 | Lifetime minimum BMI 17.41 ± 2.71 | NA | NA | Association with schizophrenia |
EDE-Q 5.8% male |
| 75. | [178] Zheng et al., 2022 | AN No-Sub3 |
19.52 ± 9.08 (AN-acute) 33.09 ± 9.52 (AN-recovered) |
15.71 ± 1.81 (AN-acute) 19.91 ± 2.41 (AN-recovered) |
NA | NA | Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 2 gene (PTBP2). | All female in AN groups |
| 76. | [179] Zheng et al., 2023 | AN No-Sub3 |
19.47 (7.68) (AN-acute) 27.09 (9.88) (AN-recovered) |
15.6 (1.8) (AN-acute) 20.56 (2.75) (AN-recovered) |
NA | NA | Lipocalin-2 (LCN2); Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) | Female |
| 77. |
[180] Ziora-Jakutowicz et al., 2021a |
AN No-Sub3 | 15.06 ± 1.57 | 15.19 ± 1.67 | NA | NA |
ADIPOQ c.45 T > G and ADIPOQ c.276 G > T polymorphisms in the adiponectin coding gene |
Female |
| 78. |
[181] Ziora-Jakutowicz et al., 2021b |
AN No-Sub3 | 15.06 ± 1.57 | 15.19 ± 1.67 | NA | NA |
RETN c.62G > A and RETN c.-180C > G polymorphisms in the resistin coding gene |
Female |
AN-R-Anorexia Nervosa restricting type; AN-BP-Anorexia Nervosa binge purge type; AN-C-Currently have Anorexia Nervosa; AN-WR- Weight Restored anorexics; ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder; AQ- Autism Spectrum Quotient; BAI-Beck Anxiety Inventory; BED-Binge Eating Disorder; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BDNF- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; BSAT- Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test; BSQ- Body Shape Questionnaire; BIS- Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BITE- Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh; BMI-Body Mass Index; BN-Bulimia Nervosa; CAPS-Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale; CDI Children’s Depression Inventory; CES-D- Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale; CGI- Clinical Global Impression Anxiety scale; CIA-Clinical Impairment Assessment; CNV-Copy Number Variant; CTI-Childhood Trauma Interview; DASS-Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; EAT- Eating Attitudes Test- EDEQ-Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire; EDI- Eating Disorders Inventory; EDNOS-Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified; GAD-7-General Anxiety Disorder-7; GAF-Global Assessment of Functioning; GSI-Global Severity Index; HAM-A HAM-D- Hamilton Scales for Anxiety and Depression; HARS- Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; H-SCL-90- Hopkins Symptoms Checklist; JHM- Joint hypermobility; LOI-CV-Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version MADRS- Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MINI- Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; MPS- Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; MTHFR-methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase; MZ-Monozygotic; NA- Not applicable (and/or provided); NDD- Neurodevelopmental Disorder; OCD- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; PHQ-9- Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSDI- Positive Symptom Distress Index; PSQ-20- Perceived Stress Questionnaire; PST- Positive System Total; QIDS-CR-Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomalogy; SCID- Structured Clinical Interview for Mental Disorders; SCL-90-R- Symptom Checklist 90 Revised; SIAB-EX- Structured Interview for Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa; SIGH-A-Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety Scale; STAI-Y- State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form; STI-TCI-Temperament and Character Inventory; TAS- Toronto Alexithymia Scale; TCI-Temperament and Character Inventory; WCST-Wisconsin Card Sorting Task; YBC-EDS-Young-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms; YRBSS- Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(1) Current. (2) Lifetime minimum (3) Anorexia with no subtyping (restricting vs. binge purge) (4) Inclusion criteria (5) Unless otherwise indicated (6) Lifetime maximum