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. 2024 Apr 30;16:94. doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01459-y

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Association between plasma biomarkers and longitudinal brain volume change defined using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Plasma biomarker effects on the difference in annual change in gray matter volume (VBM). Results are derived from linear mixed effects models examining the association of baseline plasma biomarkers with longitudinal change in whole brain volume. Models were adjusted for baseline age, sex, race, education level, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and total intracranial volume at age 70, as well as time × covariate interactions. T values reflect estimates derived from the plasma biomarker × time interactions term. Warm colors reflect positive t values while cool colors reflect negative t values. An uncorrected P < 0.001 threshold was used