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. 2024 Apr 30;16:94. doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01459-y

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Association between baseline plasma biomarkers and longitudinal cognitive change. a. Results are derived from linear mixed effect models adjusted for baseline age, sex, race, education level, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the interaction between covariates and time. Estimates, derived from the plasma biomarker × time interaction terms, represent the difference in annual change in cognition (β estimates) per standard deviation increase in baseline biomarker. Blue bars reflect significant associations between plasma biomarkers and cognition by domain at an FDR corrected threshold (P < 0.05). b. Results are derived from separate linear mixed effect models that examined Aβ_42/40 as a moderator of the association between plasma biomarkers and longitudinal cognition (models were also adjusted for baseline age, sex, race, education level, eGFR, and the interaction between covariates and time). Each figure (blue lines: low biomarker [e.g., pTau-181 or GFAP] or -1.5 standard deviations below the mean; orange lines: high biomarker [e.g., pTau-181 or GFAP] or + 1.5 standard deviations above the mean) shows the marginal effects for the following interaction terms pTau-181 × time × Aβ_42/40 status or GFAP × time × Aβ_42/40 status on verbal memory. Abbreviations: Aβ: amyloid-β; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; NfL: neurofilament light chain; pTau-181: tau phosphorylated at threonine-181.