Table 2.
A comparative analysis of physiological and anatomical design consideration, cells and biomaterial, and their usage in the nervous system
| System | Physiological and anatomical design consideration | Cells and biomaterial | Usage | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microvasculature | Endothelium lining BBB using fluidic shear stress Blood vessels using fluid shear stress |
Cells: HUVECs, hCMEC/D3 Fabric: Microfluidic Cells: HUVECs/mouse fibroblasts/mouse smooth muscle cells Fabric: microextrusion bioprinting, Microfluidic |
Drug testing Drug testing System development |
20,21 |
| Brain | Neural tissue Blood-brain barrier |
Cells: 1-rat embryonic neurons and astrocytes,mouse neural stem cells, mouse primary cortical neurons 2-hESCs, hPSCs Fabric: 1-microextrusion bioprinting 2- microwell array Cells: human limbal cells Fabric: human amniotic membrane Cells: endothelial/ astrocytic cell lines; hBMVEC/pericytes/astrocytes Fabric: Microfluidics |
System development and drug testing Drug testing |
22,23
24 |
| Eye | Corneal epithelium Corneal stroma using cell alignment Corneal endothelial layer using mechanical properties full-thickness cornea |
Cells: human limbal cells Fabric: human amniotic membrane Cells: human and rabbit corneal fibroblasts, hCSSCs/hCFs Human keratocytes Fabrics: silk microgrooves; microextrusion bioprinting Cells: primary human corneal endothelial cells, human, sheep or bovine corneal endothelial cell lines Fabric: hydrogel substrates rabbit corneal epithelial cells/keratocytes/endothelial cells hESC-derived limbal epithelial cell-like cells/corneal endothelial cell-like cells Fabric: 1- fibrin-agarose hydrogels 2- decellularized porcine cornea |
Epithelium transplantation System development System development Cornea transplantation System development Cornea transplantation |
25
26,27 28,29 30,31 |
| Tumour | Vascular interface using fluidic shear stress Stromal interaction using fluidic shear stress Glioblastoma using oxygen gradient |
Cells: HDMEC/ breast cancer cells HUVECs, lung fibroblasts, monocytes, melanoma cancer cells Bone marrow stromal cells/ liver tumour cells Patient-derived glioblastoma and vascular endothelial cells Fabric: microfluidics, microextrusion bioprinting |
Drug testing and system development | 32–35 |
BBB, blood-brain barrier; Refs, references.