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. 2024 Mar 21;134(9):e174726. doi: 10.1172/JCI174726

Figure 1. A defined formula diet favors K. pneumoniae growth in humans.

Figure 1

(A) Diagram of the FARMM study design. Patients were randomized to a FF diet (EEN) or an omnivore diet; a third group remained on a vegan diet throughout the study. Recovery of the microbiome was monitored after antibiotic and PEG depletion. (B) Relative abundance of K. pneumoniae as a percentage of the microbiome determined via shotgun metagenomic sequencing, stratified by dietary group. (C) Heatmap of average stool amino acid concentrations during the microbiome recovery phase (day 14) of the FARMM study, stratified by diet. Black boxes denote a statistically significant difference of amino acid concentration between the indicated dietary groups. (D and E) Quantification of stool urea (D) and ammonia (E) at each phase of the FARMM study in samples from individuals with a high or low relative abundance of K. pneumoniae (defined as >20% K. pneumoniae by relative abundance during the recovery phase). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. n = 10 participants per dietary group. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, by 1-way ANOVA with Holm-Šidák’s correction for multiple comparisons (B), comparing the EEN versus omnivore and the EEN versus vegan groups on day 15, (D) multiple Mann-Whitney U test with the FDR method of Benjamini, Krueger, Yokutieli (C), or Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple-comparison test (E). Abx, antibiotics.